PDS_VERSION_ID = PDS3
RECORD_TYPE = STREAM
LABEL_REVISION_NOTE = "
2003-02-20 CASSINI: conner Revision 1;
2003-03-06 PDS/RS: simpson Revision 2;
2003-03-18 CASSINI: conner Revision 3;
2003-03-20 PDS/RS: simpson Revision 4;
2003-03-21 CASSINI conner Revision 5;
2003-03-24 CASSINI conner Revision 6;
2003-04-21 CASSINI conner Revision 7;
2003-06-23 CASSINI conner Revision 8
2003-07-01 PDS/CN: S.L. Adams, formatted for ingestion from WORD
to ASCII of 'Revision 8' supplied
by Diane Conner.
2003-07-14 CASSINI conner, corrected spelling errors.
2003-09-22 CASSINI conner, added Solar System target.
2003-10-03 CASSINI conner, removed extra spaces at beg of line.
2003-10-16 CASSINI conner, changed to SOLAR_SYSTEM.
2004-03-08 CASSINI conner, replaced bad ref to 699-004.
2009-04-15 CASSINI martinez, updated to include XM and XXM
information; TBS's to filled in as
details become known.
2009-06-15 PDS/NAIF semenov removed double quotes and non-printing
characters from mission description;
re-wrapped new paragraphs to comply
with line length requirements.
2009-11-15 CASSINI martinez Added XXM sequence info and details
on XXM targets.
2009-12-07 CASSINI martinez, replaced double quotes with single
quotes.
2010-03-15 CASSINI chatterjee, added XXM Sequence Boundaries and
Satellite Encounters from the MP
091005_EventsTable_091207a.xls file.
2011-04-29 CASSINI chatterjee, updated list of targets per
R. Chen and A. Culver. Fixed spelling
BESTLA, SKATHI; new: TARVOS, YMIR;
modified to ref other cat entries
referring to same body: ALBIORIX,
ERRIAPUS, KIVIUQ, PAALIAQ, SIARNAQ.
2011-07-05 CASSINI chatterjee, added HYROKKIN to the target list.
2011-07-06 CASSINI chatterjee, corrected misplaced double quote.
2011-09-22 CASSINI chatterjee, added missing carriage return,
line 40, updated targets per A. Culver
and R. Chen.
2013-03-21 PDS/ATM beebe, updated Solstice (XXM) tables and did
minor edits.
2013-03-26 CASSINI chatterjee, added new target SURTUR.
2013-06-07 CASSINI chatterjee, updated Prime, Equinox and Solstice
mission tables based on reconstructed
spacecraft trajectories.
2013-06-19 CASSINI chatterjee, added NARVI to target list
2017-11-01 CASSINI chatterjee, updated Solstice Mission Encounter
info; added Anthe satellite encounters.
2018-07-19 CASSINI chatterjee, updated Solstice observation info
per 171215R_EventsTable_v01_180201.xls.
Changed Solstice Mission narrative to
past tense.
2018-08-01 CASSINI chatterjee, updated MISSION_STOP_DATE;
added names of targeted flybys.
2018-09-20 CASSINI chatterjee, updated observations per
Mission Planning file,
180628RU_EventsTable_v01_180719.
based on new reconstructed trajectory."
OBJECT = MISSION
MISSION_NAME = "CASSINI-HUYGENS"
OBJECT = MISSION_INFORMATION
MISSION_START_DATE = 1997-10-15
MISSION_STOP_DATE = 2017-09-15
MISSION_ALIAS_NAME = { "CASSINI", "HUYGENS" }
MISSION_DESC = "
The majority of text in this file was extracted from Cassini Mission Plan
Documents:
1) Prime Mission Plan, 2003, and Prime Mission Plan As-Flown, Rev. P,
July 2008, Dave Seal [JPL D-5564]
2) Equinox Mission Plan As-Flown, July 2012, Emily Manor-Chapman [JPL D-73535]
3) Solstice Mission Plan, August 2012, Emily Manor-Chapman [JPL D-81137]
The Cassini spacecraft, including the Huygens Probe, was launched on 15
October 1997 using a Titan IV/B launch vehicle with Solid Rocket Motor
Upgrade (SRMU) strap-ons and a Centaur upper stage. The spacecraft used a
6.7-year Venus-Venus-Earth-Jupiter Gravity Assist (VVEJGA) trajectory to
Saturn, during which cruise observations were conducted to check out,
calibrate, and maintain the instruments as well as to perform limited
science. After Saturn Orbit Insertion (SOI) (1 July 2004), the Huygens
Probe separated and, on the third encounter with Titan, entered the
satellite's atmosphere to make in situ measurements during an approximately
150 minute descent (14 January 2005). The Orbiter continued a tour of the
Saturn system collecting data on the planet and its satellites, rings,
and environment.
After a highly successful Saturn Orbit Insertion (SOI) on July 1, 2004
and Huygens Probe descent to the surface of Titan in January of 2005,
Cassini went on to complete its four-year tour of Saturn, its rings,
satellites, and magnetosphere via 75 orbits about Saturn, 45 close
Titan flybys, 4 Enceladus flybys, and 9 close flybys of other icy
satellites along with dozens of Saturn, rings, and Titan radio and
Solar occultations. At the end of the very successful prime mission all
instruments and major spacecraft systems were healthy. Due to the
highly successful execution of the prime mission, the vast quantity of
new discoveries and overall quality of science being returned by the
Cassini spacecraft, and the estimated propellant remaining at the
conclusion of the prime mission, NASA Headquarters allocated funding
for the development of a 2-year Cassini extended mission.
At the conclusion of the prime mission tour phase on 01 July 2008,
Cassini initiated a two-year extended mission named the Equinox Mission
(EM) to be completed on 11 October 2010. This mission featured
an additional 28 Titan flybys, 11 close icy satellite flybys, and
64 orbits of Saturn. The orbit inclination moved from over 70
degrees at the start of the Equinox mission down to 0 degrees in a
little over a year, then back up to 20 degrees in Jan 2010, and down
again in July 2010. There were seven Enceladus flybys along with single
flybys of Rhea, Mimas, Dione, and Helene. The Enceladus flybys were
designed to provide close flybys to allow the best views of the plume
expulsions near the South Polar area. In addition, there were 22
non-targeted, distant flybys of icy satellites. Titan flybys continued
to map the surface of Titan. The scientific intensity and priority of
this phase, as judged by the project and by HQ, was of the same level as
that of the prime mission.
The second extended mission, temporarily called the Extended-Extended
Mission (XXM) and officially named the Solstice Mission (SM), was
designed as a seven-year mission. Funding for SM was reduced (40% for
engineering, 25% for science) from Prime Mission levels. Due to project
descoping, the SM Trajectory was not as aggressive as it was for the
Prime Mission or Extended Mission, but it was still scientifically rich.
It began on 11 October 2010 and ended on 15 September 2017. The SM
featured 54 Titan flybys, 23 close (❮20,000 km) icy satellite flybys
(which included 11 Enceladus flybys), and 154 orbits of Saturn. The
mission continued to explore the features of the Saturnian system such
as the rings, the magnetosphere, and icy satellites, addressed new
questions raised by Cassini's Prime and Equinox missions, as well as
observed seasonal change in the Saturnian system. The over-arching
goal of the SM was to observe the complex and dynamic Saturn system
over a wider range of geometries and conditions, including the northern
summer solstice, which occurred in May 2017. By the end of mission (EOM),
Cassini observed most of the northern winter season and all of the
northern spring season.
On 30 November 2016, Cassini began the penultimate phase of the mission,
the Ring Grazing orbits. This 20-week phase consisted of 20 high-inclina-
tion orbits with apoapses near Titan's orbit and periapses just outside
the main ring system. The final, targeted flyby on 22 April 2017 set
Cassini on the Grand Finale, a series of 22 orbits with periapses that
passed between Saturn and its rings.
On 11 September, Titan gave Cassini a 'goodbye kiss', a distant non-
targeted flyby that put Cassini on its impact trajectory with Saturn.
End of mission (EOM) occurred on 15 September 2017. Below are Predicted
and Actual EOM times.
Tumble SCET ERT (UTC) ERT (PDT) Radius Lat Alt
(km) (deg) (km)
MP Predict 10:31:36.16 11:55:03.16 04:55:03.16 61553 9.714 1480
Actual 10:31:39.87 11:55:06.87 04:55:06.87 61553 9.612 1456
Loss of Signal SCET ERT (UTC) ERT (PDT) Radius Lat Alt
(km) (deg) (km)
AACS Predict 10:31:48.70 11:55:15.70 04:55:15.70 61486 9.366 1399
X Telemetry 10:31:51.00 11:55:18.00 04:55:18.00 61474 9.302 1385
Ka Carrier 10:32:04.77 11:55:31.81 04:55:31.87 61402 8.918 1299
X Carrier 10:32:07.66 11:55:34.70 04:55:34.70 61387 8.837 1281
S Carrier 10:32:15.81 11:55:42.85 04:55:42.85 61346 8.609 1231
The Cassini Orbiter (CO) was a three-axis stabilized spacecraft equipped
with one high gain antenna (HGA) and two low gain antennas (LGAs), three
Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs) for power, main engines,
attitude thrusters, and reaction wheels. It carried twelve orbiter
instruments designed to carry out 27 diverse science investigations. The
Huygens Probe (HP) was equipped with six instruments designed to study the
atmosphere and surface of Titan. It entered the upper atmosphere protected
by a heat shield, then deployed parachutes to descend slowly to the surface
from an altitude of about 200 km. The instruments, with acronym and
Principal Investigator (PI) or Team Leader (TL), are summarized below:
Instrument Acronym PI/TL
----------------------------------------------- ------------
Orbiter:
Cassini Plasma Spectrometer CAPS Young/Furman
Cosmic Dust Analyzer CDA Srama
Composite Infrared Spectrometer CIRS Flasar
Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer INMS Waite
Imaging Science Subsystem ISS Porco
Magnetometer MAG Dougherty
Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument MIMI Krimigis
Cassini Radar RADAR Elachi
Radio and Plasma Wave Science RPWS Gurnett
Radio Science Subsystem RSS French
Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph UVIS Esposito
Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer VIMS Brown
Probe:
Aerosol Collector and Pyrolyser ACP Israel
Descent Imager Spectral Radiometer DISR Tomasko
Doppler Wind Experiment DWE Bird
Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer GCMS Niemann
Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument HASI Fulchignoni
Surface Science Package SSP Zarnecki
Mission Phases
==============
LAUNCH 1997-10-15 to 1997-10-17
1997-288 to 1997-290
------
Cassini successfully lifted-off from the Cape Canaveral Air Station complex
40 on 15 October 1997 at 08:55 UTC. The solid rocket motors burned from
liftoff to separation at 2 min 23 sec at an altitude of 68,300 m. Stage 1
ignition began at 2 min 11 sec at an altitude of 58,500 m, and Stage 2
ignition (and Stage 1 separation) occurred at 5 min 23 sec after liftoff at
167,300 m. During the first three minutes and 27 seconds of flight, the
payload fairing shrouded the spacecraft, protecting it from direct solar
illumination.
The Centaur upper stage separated from the launch vehicle at 9 min 13 sec
at 206,700 m. The first Centaur burn began at 9 min 13 sec and lasted
approximately two minutes. This burn placed the Cassini spacecraft into an
elliptical, 170 km by 445 km parking orbit with an inclination of about 30
degrees. After 17 minutes in the parking orbit, the Centaur fired again and
launched Cassini toward Venus en route to Saturn. The injection C3 was 16.6
km^2/s^2.
Immediately after separation from the Centaur, the spacecraft's
Attitude and Articulation Control Subsystem (AACS) pointed the HGA toward
the Sun to achieve a thermally safe attitude in which the HGA served as an
umbrella for the remainder of the spacecraft. X-band uplink and downlink
was established through the LGAs, the Radio and Plasma Wave Science (RPWS)
Langmuir Probe was deployed, instrument replacement heaters and main engine
oxidizer valve heaters were turned on, and the Stellar Reference Unit
(SRU), Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS), and Visible and Infrared Mapping
Spectrometer (VIMS) decontaminations were started.
TCM 1 1997-10-18 to 1997-11-14
1997-291 to 1997-318
-----
The Trajectory Correction Maneuver 1 (TCM 1) phase comprised four one-week
sequences. During most of the TCM 1 phase, the spacecraft was in a
relatively quiescent state with the HGA pointed toward the Sun. Telemetry
downlinked by the spacecraft was utilized to make an initial
characterization of the spacecraft and to assess whether its various
subsystems survived the launch. Deployment, decontamination, tank heating,
and AACS checkout activities were started.
Before the maneuver itself, the fuel and oxidizer tanks were heated in
order to avoid an irreversible overpressure in the propellant lines. If
the tanks fully pressurized before the spacecraft passed through the peak
temperature regime, then (when the spacecraft did enter the maximum thermal
environment) the tank pressure would climb without there being a way to
bring it back down, possibly causing an overpressure.
TCM 1 was an Earth injection clean-up maneuver placed at 25 days after
launch. TCM 1 was executed using the main engine with a delta-V magnitude
of 2.8 m/s. The burn sequence included holding the spacecraft off-Sun after
burn completion to allow the spacecraft heating to be characterized in a
relatively benign environment.
INTERPLANETARY CRUISE 1997-11-14 to 1999-11-07
1997-318 to 1999-311
---------------------
The Interplanetary Cruise Phase extended from 14 November 1997 to 7
November 1999. It consisted of three subphases: Venus 1 Cruise,
Instrument Checkout 1, and Venus 2 - Earth Cruise. During most of this
phase, Cassini's proximity to the Sun constrained the spacecraft to remain
Sun-pointed, and communications were conducted using the Low Gain Antennas.
The downlink capability of the LGAs at large spacecraft-Earth ranges was
very limited. Between 30 and 150 days after launch, for example, the
downlink data rate decreased from 948 to 20 bps.
Beginning on 28 December 1998, the spacecraft approached opposition and the
HGA could be pointed towards Earth for a period of 25 days while the Probe
equipment temperature remained within the required range. This provided a
high data rate window during which checkout activities could be
accomplished.
VENUS 1 CRUISE 1997-11-14 to 1998-09-13
1997-318 to 1998-256
--------------
The Venus 1 Cruise subphase started on 14 November 1997 and continued
through 13 September 1998. The subphase encompassed sequences C5 through C9
and included two TCMs, one planetary swingby, and three switches between
LGA1 and LGA2. Most of the period was dedicated to engineering and
instrument maintenance activities.
VENUS 1 ENCOUNTER 1998-04-26
1998-116
The first Venus encounter occurred on 26 April 1998. The spacecraft
approached Venus from a sunward direction, and closest approach occurred
just after the spacecraft entered the Sun's shadow for a period of about 15
minutes. At closest approach, the altitude was 284 km, with a velocity
relative to Venus of 11.8 km/s. The spacecraft was occulted from Earth for
about 2 hours. The Earth occultation zone started about 15 minutes after
the spacecraft left the Sun occultation zone. Accuracy for the Venus flyby
was assured by using two TCMs (Trajectory Correction Maneuvers), 60 and 20
days before closest approach, and a clean-up maneuver 20 days after the
flyby.
INSTRUMENT CHECKOUT 1 1998-09-14 to 1999-03-14
1998-257 to 1999-073
---------------------
The Instrument Checkout 1 subphase (ICO-1) started on 14 September 1998,
continued through 14 March 1999, and consisted of sequences C10-C13. This
subphase was characterized by the opposition that occurred on 9 January
1999, which allowed use of the HGA for downlink since the Earth and Sun
were nearly aligned as seen from Cassini.
All instruments scheduled checkout activities within the 25 day period
centered on opposition. This was the first opportunity since launch to
exercise and check the status of most instruments outside of routine
maintenance. The 'Quiet Test', for example, allowed each instrument to
monitor other instruments as they turned on and off and provided valuable
insight into how to integrate science observations during the Saturn tour.
During instrument checkout activities, the spacecraft autonomously went
into a safe state. Accumulating star position errors from the slow turn
required to keep the Sun on the -x-axis triggered AACS fault protection.
Most of the instrument checkout activities were rescheduled after a 10 day
safing period. Those that were not completed were rescheduled for the ICO-2
subphase during Outer Cruise.
VENUS 2 - EARTH CRUISE 1999-03-15 to 1999-11-07
1999-074 to 1999-311
----------------------
The Venus 2 - Earth Cruise subphase started on 15 March 1999, 45 days prior
to the second Venus flyby, and continued through 7 November 1999, which was
82 days after the Earth flyby. The subphase encompassed sequences C13
through C16, and included seven scheduled TCMs, two planetary swingbys, and
25 science activities in addition to normal engineering activities. Science
activities included maintenance, calibration, checkout, and science
observations using all of the Cassini instruments except INMS and CIRS.
VENUS 2 ENCOUNTER 1999-06-24
1999-175
TCM-7 was executed 37 days before the Venus 2 Encounter. TCM-8 was
scheduled 21 days prior to Venus 2, but it was canceled. DSN (Deep Space
Network) coverage increased from one to three passes per day in support of
the flyby.
EARTH ENCOUNTER 1999-08-18
1999-230
The Earth flyby occurred 55 days after the Venus 2 flyby. The spacecraft
approached the Earth from approximately the direction of the Sun. Closest
approach occurred right after the spacecraft entered the Sun occultation
zone. The occultation lasted approximately 30 minutes. The altitude at
closest approach was 1175 km, with an Earth-relative velocity of 19.0 km/s.
Trajectory correction maneuvers took place 43, 30, 15 and 6.5 days before
closest approach, and a clean-up maneuver was executed 13 days after the
flyby. Continuous DSN coverage began at the Venus 2 flyby and continued
through the Earth flyby. A week after the Earth Encounter, DSN coverage
dropped to one pass every two days.
Five instruments conducted observations as Cassini passed through the
Earth's magnetotail.
OUTER CRUISE 1999-11-08 to 2002-07-07
1999-312 to 2002-188
------------
The Outer Cruise Phase consisted of four subphases: HGA Transition,
Instrument Checkout 2, Jupiter Cruise, and Quiet Cruise. The Outer Cruise
phase extended from 8 November 1999 (when the spacecraft reached a Sun
range of 2.7 AU) to 7 July 2002 (about two years before Saturn Orbit
Insertion). At 2.7 AU (1 February 2000), the HGA began continuous Earth-
pointing. The one planetary encounter in this phase was the flyby of
Jupiter in December 2000. Science at Jupiter was an opportunity to test
Saturn observation strategies with HGA data rates.
HIGH GAIN ANTENNA TRANSITION 1999-11-08 to 2000-05-06
1999-312 to 2000-127
----------------------------
This subphase included sequences C17 to C19, operation of ISS and VIMS
decontamination heaters, CDA dust calibrations, and Magnetosphere and
Plasma Science (MAPS) observations after the HGA was pointed toward Earth.
During the initial part of the subphase (C17 and part of C18),
telecommunications were via LGA1, and the spacecraft was at the farthest
distance from Earth before transitioning to the HGA for regular use.
Therefore, data rates were very low and activities were kept to a minimum.
C17 included standard maintenance and one Periodic Engineering Maintenance
(PEM) activity. Activities during the LGA1 portion of C18 included a
Periodic Instrument Maintenance (PIM); observations by ISS, VIMS, and UVIS
of the asteroid Masursky near closest approach (1,634,000 km); and ISS dark
frame calibration images directly following the Masursky observations.
The HGA was turned toward Earth for regular use on 1 February 2000, during
C18. Several activities took place during the rest of C18, using the
greater telemetry capabilities available with the HGA: playback of the
Masursky data and ISS dark frames, a Probe checkout, a Huygens Probe S-band
Relay to Cassini Test, a Telemetry-Ranging Interference Test, MAG
calibrations, and a PEM. Regular MAPS observations by CAPS, CDA, MAG, MIMI,
and RPWS began within a few days after transitioning to the HGA.
The first 6 weeks of C19 were used for a checkout of new Flight Software.
The AACS version A7 software was uploaded near the beginning of this
period, and the first 2 weeks were devoted to AACS tests. The next 4 weeks
were originally scheduled for CDS tests of version V7.0. However, these
tests were delayed to late July and August of 2000 to allow time for
additional regression testing. During the AACS checkout period, MAPS
activity ceased. Several activities took place during the last 3 weeks of
C19: resumption of MAPS observations, three RSS activities (HGA pattern
calibration, HGA boresight calibration, and USO characterization), CIRS
Cooler Cover release, and a PIM.
A few days before the end of C19, the command loss timer setting was
increased slightly, to account for the 10-day period at the beginning of
C20 during which superior conjunction made commanding problematic.
INSTRUMENT CHECKOUT 2 2000-05-06 to 2000-11-05
2000-127 to 2000-310
---------------------
The second instrument checkout subphase (ICO-2) was scheduled from 6 May
2000 to 5 November of 2000, after the Spacecraft Office had completed its
engineering checkout activities. ICO-2 included instrument checkout that
required reaction wheel stability and any instrument checkouts that were
not successfully completed during ICO-1. But the CDS Flight Software V7
uplink and checkout, which was delayed from March, was rescheduled to late
July through early September 2000, causing many ICO-2 activities to be
compressed into a shorter and more intense period. Some activities were
postponed until after the Jupiter observations were completed in 2001.
The subphase began with a superior conjunction, which precluded early
science or engineering activities. MAPS instruments remained on; but data
return was not attempted during conjunction. Two TCMs were scheduled for
Jupiter targeting, in June and September.
Engineering activities included the continuous use of reaction wheels and,
beginning on 1 October 2000, dual Solid State Recorders (SSRs). There were
no scheduled instrument PIMs during ICO-2 since all instruments had other
activities that accomplished this function. Other engineering activities
included two Reaction Wheel Assembly (RWA) friction tests, two PEMs, and an
SRU calibration.
Science activities began with the MAPS instruments continuing from C19. New
flight software was loaded for eight instruments in late May, and a CDA
software update was done in September. New Quiet Tests, while operating on
reaction wheels, were done in July for most instruments. RSS Quiet Tests
were done in September, and RADAR related tests were done in late June. A
Probe checkout occurred in late July.
Spacecraft turns were done for RADAR observations of the Sun and Jupiter in
June and again in September. The star Alpha Piscis Austrinus (Fomalhaut)
was also observed in September by VIMS with ISS and UVIS doing ride-along
science. No other science turns were scheduled until October. On 1 October,
science began using a repeating 5-day template to gather Jupiter science.
This involved 11 turns in a 5 day period, including two downlinks. The
turns in the 5-day template involved 4 orientations:
Orbiter Remote Science (ORS) boresights to Jupiter,
Z axis parallel to ecliptic
HGA to Sun, rolling about Z axis
Probe to Sun, rotating about X axis
HGA to Earth, Probe offset from Sun for CDA, not
rotating, downlink orientation
JUPITER CRUISE 2000-11-05 to 2001-04-30
2000-310 to 2001-120
--------------
The Jupiter Cruise subphase extended from 6 November 2000 to 29 April 2001
and included sequences C23 to C25. However Jupiter remote sensing
observations actually began on 1 October 2000, in C22.
JUPITER ENCOUNTER 2000-12-30
2000-365
The Jupiter flyby occurred on 30 December 2000 at an altitude of 9.7
million km. This gravity assist rotated the trajectory 12 deg and increased
the heliocentric velocity by 2 km/s. The Jupiter relative speed at closest
approach was 11.6 km/s. At closest approach, Jupiter filled the Narrow
Angle Camera (NAC) field of view. Extensive Jupiter science was performed
which required additional DSN support: up to two passes every five days,
and a maximum of one pass every 30 hours in the 10 days on either side of
closest approach. Science at Jupiter was an opportunity to test how to
build and execute viable Saturn sequences.
A problem with the Reaction Wheel Assembly occurred on 16 December 2000.
Increased friction on one of the wheels caused the spacecraft to switch
autonomously to the Reaction Control Subsystem (RCS) for attitude control.
With the switch to RCS, hydrazine usage increased. Two of four joint
CAPS-Hubble Space Telescope observations, a Jupiter North-South map,
the Himalia 'flyby', and a UVIS torus observation were all executed on RCS
before the sequence was terminated on 19 December 2000. MAPS data continued
to be recorded at a reduced rate. All other planned science activities
were suspended. After tests, RWA operation was resumed for attitude control
on 22 December, with the wheels biased away from low RPM regions.
The sequence was restarted on 29 December.
QUIET CRUISE 2001-04-30 to 2002-07-08
2001-120 to 2002-189
------------
Quiet Cruise was a 14 month subphase that started at the end of Jupiter
Cruise and ended two years before SOI. During this subphase, routine
maintenance, engineering, and navigation functions were carried out. One
Gravitational Wave Experiment (GWE) was conducted in December 2001, and one
Solar Conjunction Experiment (SCE) was conducted in June 2002.
SCIENCE CRUISE 2002-07-08 to 2004-06-10
2002-189 to 2004-162
----------------
SPACE SCIENCE 2002-07-08 to 2004-01-11
2002-189 to 2004-011
The Space Science subphase began on 8 July 2002 and ran through 11 January
2004. TCMs 18 and 19, two GWEs (December 2002 and December 2003) and one
SCE (June-July 2003) were conducted.
APPROACH SCIENCE 2004-01-12 to 2004-06-10
2004-012 to 2004-162
The Approach Science subphase began six months before SOI and ended three
weeks before SOI, when the spacecraft was approaching Saturn at a rate of 5
kilometers per second. Most of the activities during the Approach Science
subphase were Saturn science observations and preparation for the Phoebe
flyby, SOI, and Tour operations.
The reaction wheels were turned on at the beginning of the subphase to
provide a more stable viewing platform. By this point, the imaging
instruments had begun atmospheric imaging, and making long-term atmospheric
movies. CIRS began long integrations of Saturn's disk. At SOI - 4 months,
Saturn filled one third of the NAC field of view and one half of the CIRS
Far Infrared (FIR) field of view.
The Saturn approach was made toward the morning terminator at a phase angle
of about 75 degrees; VIMS gathered data on the temperature difference
across the terminator. UVIS scans of the Saturn System began 3-4 months
before SOI. Fields, particles, and waves instruments collected solar wind
information and recorded Saturn emissions as the spacecraft neared the
planet. Science data gathered during this period was stored on the SSR and
transmitted back to Earth. Daily DSN tracking coverage began 90 days before
SOI.
The Phoebe approach TCM took place on 27 May 2004, 15 days before Phoebe
closest approach.
TOUR PRE-HUYGENS 2004-06-11 to 2004-12-24
2004-163 to 2004-359
----------------
The Tour Pre-Huygens Phase extended from the Phoebe Encounter through
Saturn Orbit Insertion to separation of the Huygens Probe from the Cassini
Orbiter.
PHOEBE ENCOUNTER 2004-06-11
2004-163
The flyby of Phoebe occurred on 11 June 2004, 19 days before SOI. At
closest approach (19:33 UTC) the spacecraft was 2000 km above the surface.
SATURN ORBIT INSERTION 2004-07-01
2004-183
During Saturn Orbit Insertion (SOI) on 1 July 2004, the spacecraft made its
closest approach to the planet's surface (until the Grand Finale in 2017)
at an altitude of only 0.3 Saturn radii (18,000 km). Due to this unique
opportunity, the approximately 95-minute SOI burn (633 m/s total delta-V),
required to place Cassini in orbit around Saturn, was executed earlier than
its optimal point centered around periapsis, and instead ended near
periapsis, allowing science observations immediately after burn completion.
The SOI maneuver placed the spacecraft in an initial orbit with a periapsis
radius of 1.3 Rs, a period of 148 days, and an inclination of 16.8 degrees.
After the burn, the spacecraft was turned to allow the ORS instruments to
view the Saturn inner rings that were not in shadow. After periapsis, the
trajectory just grazed the occultation zones behind the planet with the
Earth and Sun being occulted by Saturn. After communication with Earth was
re-established, the spacecraft remained on Earth pointed for nine hours to
play back engineering and science data and to give ground personnel time to
evaluate the spacecraft status.
After SOI a pair of cleanup maneuvers was used to correct for errors in the
SOI burn. The first was immediately before superior conjunction, at SOI + 3
days, and the second was after conjunction at SOI + 16 days.
Probe checkouts were scheduled at SOI + 14 days, Probe Release Maneuver
(PRM) + 4 days, and ten days before separation.
The partial orbit between SOI and the first apoapsis was designated orbit
0. The next three orbits were designated a, b, and c.
TITAN A ENCOUNTER 2004-10-26
2004-300
TITAN B ENCOUNTER 2004-12-13
2004-348
HUYGENS DESCENT 2004-12-24 to 2005-01-14
2004-359 to 2005-014
---------------
HUYGENS PROBE SEPARATION 2004-12-24
2004-359
The probe was released from the Orbiter on 24 December 2004, 11 days after
the second Titan flyby (orbit b). Two days after the Probe was released,
the Orbiter executed a deflection maneuver to place itself on the proper
trajectory for the third encounter.
TITAN C HUYGENS 2005-01-14
2005-014
During the third flyby (orbit c), on 14 January 2005, the Huygens Probe
transmitted data to the orbiter for approximately 150 minutes during its
descent through the atmosphere to the surface.
Because the Orbiter was looking at Titan through most of the corresponding
Goldstone tracking pass, DSN support on this day was primarily through the
70-meter antennas at the Canberra and Madrid tracking complexes. While
approaching Titan, the Orbiter made its last downlink transmission (to the
Madrid station, DSS 63) before switching to Probe relay mode. The Orbiter
then turned nearly 180 degrees to point its HGA at the predicted Probe
impact point, and the Probe Support Avionics (PSA) were configured to
receive data from the Probe. Some Orbiter instruments were put into a low
power state to provide additional power for the PSA. The data from the
Probe were transmitted at S band in two separate data streams, and both
were recorded on each SSR. Following completion of the predicted descent
(maximum 150 minutes), the Orbiter listened for Probe signals for an
additional 30 minutes, in case they continued after landing.
When data collection from the Probe was completed, those data were write
protected on each SSR. The spacecraft then turned to view Titan with
optical remote sensing instruments until about one hour after closest
approach.
The Orbiter then turned the HGA towards Earth and began transmitting the
recorded Probe data to the Canberra 70-m antenna. The complete, four-fold
redundant set of Probe data was transmitted twice, and its receipt
verified, before the write protection on that portion of the SSR was lifted
by ground command. A second playback, including all of the Probe data and
the Orbiter instrument observations, was returned over the subsequent
Madrid 70-meter tracking pass, which was longer and at higher elevation
angles.
TOUR 2005-01-14 to 2008-06-30
2005-014 to 2008-182
----
The Tour Phase of the mission began at completion of the Huygens Probe and
Orbiter-support playback and ended on 30 June 2008. It included dozens of
satellite encounters and extended observations of Saturn, its rings, and
its environment of particles and fields.
TOUR SEQUENCE BOUNDARIES
The table below shows spacecraft background sequences, orbit revolution,
start epoch (including day-of-year in a separate column), and the length of
the sequence. For completeness, all 'S' sequences are listed even though
the first seven covered times before the Tour phase. Each orbit about
Saturn was assigned a revolution identifier starting with a, b, and c, and
then numerically ascending from 3 to 74; these were not synchronous with
sequences, some of which covered only partial orbits. Full orbits began
and ended at apoapsis; the partial orbit from SOI to the first apoapsis was
orbit 0.
Sequence Rev Epoch (SCET) DOY Duration
In days
-------- --- ----------------- --- --------
S1 0 2004-May-14 18:40 135 36
S2 0 2004-Jun-19 21:52 171 41
S3 0 2004-Jul-30 21:32 212 44
S4 A 2004-Sep-12 11:35 256 36
S5 A 2004-Oct-18 09:30 292 28
S6 A 2004-Nov-15 07:49 320 31
S7 B 2004-Dec-16 13:22 351 37
S8 C 2005-Jan-22 10:38 022 36
S9 3 2005-Feb-27 00:36 058 41
S10 6 2005-Apr-09 05:15 099 35
S11 8 2005-May-14 02:50 134 35
S12 10 2005-Jun-18 01:34 169 44
S13 12 2005-Jul-31 22:00 212 30
S14 14 2005-Aug-30 21:43 242 39
S15 16 2005-Oct-08 12:30 281 35
S16 17 2005-Nov-12 17:01 316 35
S17 19 2005-Dec-17 14:21 351 41
S18 20 2006-Jan-27 04:03 027 43
S19 22 2006-Mar-11 00:35 070 42
S20 23 2006-Apr-22 05:15 112 42
S21 24 2006-Jun-03 02:39 154 44
S22 26 2006-Jul-17 00:06 198 34
S23 27 2006-Aug-19 22:06 231 32
S24 29 2006-Sep-20 20:22 263 32
S25 31 2006-Oct-22 18:26 295 33
S26 33 2006-Nov-24 16:30 328 42
S27 36 2007-Jan-05 13:50 005 43
S28 39 2007-Feb-17 10:52 048 39
S29 41 2007-Mar-28 08:04 087 38
S30 44 2007-May-04 22:00 124 37
S31 46 2007-Jun-11 03:10 162 33
S32 48 2007-Jul-14 01:06 195 29
S33 49 2007-Aug-11 23:20 223 42
S34 50 2007-Sep-22 20:51 265 39
S35 51 2007-Oct-31 18:40 304 44
S36 54 2007-Dec-14 16:00 348 39
S37 57 2008-Jan-22 13:35 022 25
S38 59 2008-Feb-16 11:51 047 36
S39 62 2008-Mar-23 01:50 083 27
S40 65 2008-Apr-19 07:18 110 42
S41 70 2008-May-31 04:27 152 32
SATELLITE ENCOUNTER SUMMARY
This table summarizes the Cassini Orbiter satellite encounters; for
completeness, all recognized encounters are included even those that
preceded the Tour phase. Rev identifies the orbit revolution as defined
above. The three character ID for the encounter is in the second column;
an asterisk (*) indicates a targeted encounter. The target, date, and
time, and day-of-year are in the next three columns. Altitude above
the surface at closest approach, sense of the encounter (whether on
the inbound or outbound leg of an orbit), relative velocity at closest
approach, and phase angle at closest approach round out the columns.
*Targeted fly-by
Rev Name Satellite Epoch (SCET) DOY Alt in/ Speed Phase
km out km/s deg
--- ------- --------- ---------------- --- --- --- ----- ----
0* 00PH P1 Phoebe 2004-Jun-11 19:33 163 2068 in 6.4 24
0 00PO Polydeuces 2004-Jun-30 20:56 182 67982 in 13.3 90
0 00CP Calypso 2004-Jun-30 22:26 182 52094 in 14.1 92
0 00ME Methone 2004-Jul-01 00:16 183 51214 in 12.9 96
0 00MI Mimas 2004-Jul-01 00:30 183 76488 in 22.3 80
0 00PA Pandora 2004-Jul-01 01:15 183 89836 in 26.8 89
0 00JA Janus 2004-Jul-01 01:51 183 67684 in 12.8 106
0 00AN Anthe 2004-Jul-01 02:27 183 122531 in 16.7 101
0 00PM Prometheus 2004-Jul-01 03:56 183 107421 out 28.5 91
0 00PN Pan 2004-Jul-01 04:02 183 57684 out 22.8 88
0 00AG Aegaeon 2004-Jul-01 04:20 183 112876 out 26.0 94
0 00TI Titan 2004-Jul-02 09:28 184 339123 out 8.3 67
1* 0ATI TA Titan 2004-Oct-26 15:30 300 1174 in 6.1 91
2* 0BTI TB Titan 2004-Dec-13 11:38 348 1192 in 6.1 102
2 0BDI Dione 2004-Dec-15 01:40 350 72057 in 5.3 84
2 0BMI Mimas 2004-Dec-15 05:01 350 106743 in 1.6 90
2 0BAG Aegaeon 2004-Dec-15 05:43 350 121062 in 1.0 108
2 0CIA Iapetus 2004-Dec-31 18:49 366 123389 in 2.0 94
2* 0CTI TC Titan 2005-Jan-14 11:11 014 60007 in 5.4 93
2 0CME Methone 2005-Jan-16 04:58 016 113130 in 1.8 78
2 0CMI Mimas 2005-Jan-16 06:07 016 107623 in 1.3 100
2 0CPL Pallene 2005-Jan-16 07:26 016 90823 out 2.4 138
3* 03TI T3 Titan 2005-Feb-15 06:57 046 1579 in 6.0 99
3 03PA Pandora 2005-Feb-16 23:02 047 102614 in 1.6 62
3 03EP Epimetheus 2005-Feb-17 00:10 048 73454 in 2.9 78
3 03AT Atlas 2005-Feb-17 00:23 048 76934 in 1.6 96
3 03CP Calypso 2005-Feb-17 00:35 048 83226 in 6.9 67
3 03AG Aegaeon 2005-Feb-17 01:22 048 107572 out 8.3 157
3* 03EN E0 Enceladus 2005-Feb-17 03:30 048 1265 out 6.7 113
3 03PO Polydeuces 2005-Feb-17 08:47 048 6451 out 8.6 121
4 04HE Helene 2005-Mar-09 04:32 068 74483 in 6.5 67
4* 04EN E1 Enceladus 2005-Mar-09 09:08 068 498 in 6.6 43
4 04AT Atlas 2005-Mar-09 11:28 068 73849 in 1.6 108
4 04TE Tethys 2005-Mar-09 11:44 068 82865 out 6.9 64
5 05TE Tethys 2005-Mar-29 18:46 088 108644 in 12.2 124
5 05EN Enceladus 2005-Mar-29 20:32 088 55572 in 9.7 134
5 05PL Pallene 2005-Mar-29 21:48 088 30586 in 7.0 137
5 05AT Atlas 2005-Mar-29 22:01 088 97314 in 1.4 68
5 05EP Epimetheus 2005-Mar-29 23:24 088 62014 in 2.3 102
5 05ME Methone 2005-Mar-30 00:50 089 52682 out 7.4 82
5 05TL Telesto 2005-Mar-30 01:32 089 74531 out 6.5 61
5 05PO Polydeuces 2005-Mar-30 05:59 089 104019 out 6.0 59
5* 05TI T4 Titan 2005-Mar-31 20:05 090 2404 out 5.9 66
6 06PL Pallene 2005-Apr-14 20:30 104 119295 in 16.6 115
6 06ME Methone 2005-Apr-14 20:52 104 50428 in 12.3 118
6 06EP Epimetheus 2005-Apr-15 00:13 105 46189 out 9.8 80
6 06MI Mimas 2005-Apr-15 01:25 105 82478 out 14.0 94
6 06CP Calypso 2005-Apr-15 04:21 105 70535 out 12.5 115
6* 06TI T5 Titan 2005-Apr-16 19:11 106 1027 out 6.1 127
7 07HE Helene 2005-May-02 19:19 122 114175 in 9.9 107
7 07TE Tethys 2005-May-02 21:47 122 51868 in 9.3 110
7 07EP Epimetheus 2005-May-02 23:02 122 118465 in 6.2 46
7 07TL Telesto 2005-May-03 06:15 123 108304 out 8.3 98
7 07TI Titan 2005-May-04 05:37 124 864241 out 10.3 154
8 08AT Atlas 2005-May-21 06:29 141 99859 out 6.7 145
8 08PM Prometheus 2005-May-21 06:47 141 107594 out 6.9 153
8 08EN Enceladus 2005-May-21 08:12 141 101965 out 8.8 86
9 09TI Titan 2005-Jun-06 19:05 157 425569 in 5.8 83
9 09PL Pallene 2005-Jun-08 9:57 159 64545 in 7.0 56
9 09CP Calypso 2005-Jun-08 10:23 159 97708 in 7.8 64
10 10TI Titan 2005-Jun-22 12:37 173 920614 in 3.7 65
10 10TI Titan 2005-Jun-26 07:10 177 874592 in 7.7 111
10 10PN Pan 2005-Jun-26 14:23 177 94955 in 6.2 84
10 10TL Telesto 2005-Jun-26 14:48 177 87052 in 8.0 64
11 11PM Prometheus 2005-Jul-14 19:31 195 122154 in 6.1 51
11* 11EN E2 Enceladus 2005-Jul-14 19:55 195 166 in 8.2 64
11 11ME Methone 2005-Jul-14 20:47 195 36709 in 7.6 110
11 11EP Epimetheus 2005-Jul-14 20:55 195 76765 in 6.3 84
11 11AG Aegaeon 2005-Jul-14 22:11 195 118571 out 11.1 163
12 12DA Daphnis 2005-Aug-02 03:57 214 102508 in 6.1 68
12 12MI Mimas 2005-Aug-02 04:21 214 61149 in 6.1 58
12 12PM Prometheus 2005-Aug-02 05:17 214 84971 in 6.3 111
12 12AN Anthe 2005-Aug-02 05:27 214 102253 in 8.2 57
12 12CP Calypso 2005-Aug-02 07:47 214 106191 out 7.1 73
12 12TI Titan 2005-Aug-02 15:55 214 939763 out 6.5 35
12 12TI Titan 2005-Aug-06 12:33 218 837688 out 3.8 62
13 13TE Tethys 2005-Aug-20 07:02 232 122851 in 12.4 123
13 13TL Telesto 2005-Aug-20 12:12 232 105274 out 7.8 67
13* 13TI T6 Titan 2005-Aug-22 08:53 234 3660 out 5.9 44
14 14AG Aegaeon 2005-Sep-05 10:47 248 8509 in 8.1 115
14 14PA Pandora 2005-Sep-05 11:31 248 51933 in 7.0 57
14 14PM Prometheus 2005-Sep-05 11:32 248 102389 in 14.6 151
14 14ME Methone 2005-Sep-05 13:56 248 63015 out 10.2 91
14 14AN Anthe 2005-Sep-05 14:13 248 105000 out 14.3 91
14* 14TI T7 Titan 2005-Sep-07 08:11 250 1075 out 6.1 85
15 15CP Calypso 2005-Sep-23 18:50 266 91043 in 7.0 83
15 15AN Anthe 2005-Sep-23 19:26 266 121100 in 15.4 128
15 15MI Mimas 2005-Sep-23 19:39 266 70027 in 11.8 133
15 15PM Prometheus 2005-Sep-23 22:26 266 98000 out 7.6 159
15 15TE Tethys 2005-Sep-24 02:42 267 1493 out 9.0 68
15 15TI Titan 2005-Sep-24 22:47 267 911727 out 10.7 149
15* 15HY H1 Hyperion 2005-Sep-26 02:24 269 466 out 5.6 49
16 16TI Titan 2005-Oct-10 22:22 283 776296 in 9.7 65
16* 16DI D1 Dione 2005-Oct-11 17:52 284 498 in 9.1 66
16 16TL Telesto 2005-Oct-11 20:25 284 9518 in 8.7 63
16 16PL Pallene 2005-Oct-11 22:48 284 50440 in 10.8 125
16 16AT Atlas 2005-Oct-12 01:54 285 55655 out 4.0 143
16 16EN Enceladus 2005-Oct-12 03:03 285 49079 out 6.8 73
17* 17TI T8 Titan 2005-Oct-28 04:15 301 1353 in 5.9 105
17 17ME Methone 2005-Oct-29 21:37 302 98872 in 2.1 57
17 17CP Calypso 2005-Oct-30 02:50 303 107877 out 9.4 66
18* 18RH R1 Rhea 2005-Nov-26 22:37 330 504 in 7.3 87
18 18EN Enceladus 2005-Nov-27 10:24 331 107849 in 7.5 134
18 18HE Helene 2005-Nov-27 14:36 331 86431 out 5.5 87
19 19EN Enceladus 2005-Dec-24 20:28 358 94051 in 6.7 133
19 19PL Pallene 2005-Dec-24 22:25 358 107288 out 4.4 142
19 19TL Telesto 2005-Dec-25 00:44 359 19271 out 5.9 70
19 19HE Helene 2005-Dec-25 01:45 359 74713 out 5.4 90
19* 19TI T9 Titan 2005-Dec-26 18:59 360 10411 out 5.6 67
20* 20TI T10 Titan 2006-Jan-15 11:41 015 2043 in 5.8 120
21 21HE Helene 2006-Feb-25 4:47 056 67544 in 7.1 92
21* 21TI T11 Titan 2006-Feb-27 08:25 058 1812 out 5.9 92
22* 22TI T12 Titan 2006-Mar-19 00:05 078 1949 in 5.8 148
22 22RH Rhea 2006-Mar-21 07:15 080 82011 out 5.3 137
23* 23TI T13 Titan 2006-Apr-30 20:58 120 1856 out 5.8 121
24* 24TI T14 Titan 2006-May-20 12:18 140 1879 in 5.8 163
24 24PO Polydeuces 2006-May-22 14:53 142 64078 out 6.9 19
25* 25TI T15 Titan 2006-Jul-02 09:20 183 1906 out 5.8 148
26* 26TI T16 Titan 2006-Jul-22 00:25 203 950 in 6.0 105
26 26TE Tethys 2006-Jul-23 17:17 204 119806 in 9.9 29
26 26AG Aegaeon 2006-Jul-23 22:46 204 93380 out 3.8 16
26 26TL Telesto 2006-Jul-24 01:57 205 44793 out 8.6 39
27 27HE Helene 2006-Aug-17 03:28 229 48728 out 7.7 122
27 27TI Titan 2006-Aug-18 17:50 230 339768 out 4.8 121
28* 28TI T17 Titan 2006-Sep-07 20:16 250 1000 in 6 45
28 28AT Atlas 2006-Sep-09 17:32 252 119811 in 15 47
28 28ME Methone 2006-Sep-09 19:16 252 15118 out 10.2 62
28 28CP Calypso 2006-Sep-09 19:24 252 107228 out 9.7 162
28 28EN Enceladus 2006-Sep-09 20:06 252 39935 out 10.4 111
29* 29TI T18 Titan 2006-Sep-23 18:58 266 960 in 6 90
29 29AG Aegaeon 2006-Sep-25 20:19 268 107424 out 11.8 29
29 29ME Methone 2006-Sep-25 21:44 268 63838 out 10.1 39
30* 30TI T19 Titan 2006-Oct-09 17:30 282 980 in 6 81
31* 31TI T20 Titan 2006-Oct-25 15:58 298 1030 in 6 25
32 32EN Enceladus 2006-Nov-09 01:47 313 90225 out 14 26
32 32CP Calypso 2006-Nov-09 03:44 313 116097 out 11.7 111
33 33DI Dione 2006-Nov-21 02:28 325 75000 out 12.2 147
33 33TI Titan 2006-Nov-21 13:35 325 973182 out 8 78
33 33TI Titan 2006-Nov-25 13:28 329 925037 out 4.5 115
34 34TI Titan 2006-Dec-02 23:16 336 945245 out 12.2 159
34 34TL Telesto 2006-Dec-03 01:19 337 102504 out 12.1 111
35* 35TI T21 Titan 2006-Dec-12 11:41 346 1000 in 5.9 125
36* 36TI T22 Titan 2006-Dec-28 10:05 362 1297 in 5.9 62
37* 37TI T23 Titan 2007-Jan-13 08:38 013 1000 in 6 53
38* 38TI T24 Titan 2007-Jan-29 07:15 029 2631 in 5.8 72
38 38TI Titan 2007-Feb-05 07:42 036 910072 out 5.9 114
39 39TI Titan 2007-Feb-15 03:09 046 867510 in 5.5 128
39* 39TI T25 Titan 2007-Feb-22 03:12 053 1000 out 6.2 161
40* 40TI T26 Titan 2007-Mar-10 01:49 069 981 out 6.2 150
41* 41TI T27 Titan 2007-Mar-26 00:23 085 1010 out 6.2 144
42* 42TI T28 Titan 2007-Apr-10 22:58 100 991 out 6.2 137
43 43DI Dione 2007-Apr-24 14:51 114 114238 in 11.4 69
43 43TL Telesto 2007-Apr-24 15:59 114 107379 in 11.1 99
43* 43TI T29 Titan 2007-Apr-26 21:32 116 981 out 6.2 130
44* 44TI T30 Titan 2007-May-12 20:09 132 959 out 6.2 122
45 45TE Tethys 2007-May-26 20:46 146 102788 in 12 78
45 45EP Epimetheus 2007-May-26 23:13 146 58286 in 8.7 148
45* 45TI T31 Titan 2007-May-28 18:51 148 2299 out 6.1 114
46 46MI Mimas 2007-Jun-11 23:03 162 111984 in 16.7 95
46 46AT Atlas 2007-Jun-12 00:11 163 34020 in 7.5 117
46 46PM Prometheus 2007-Jun-12 00:18 163 69721 in 11.7 79
46 46EP Epimetheus 2007-Jun-12 00:58 163 80606 out 10.6 144
46 46ME Methone 2007-Jun-12 02:26 163 61698 out 9 100
46* 46TI T32 Titan 2007-Jun-13 17:46 164 965 out 6.2 107
47 47TE Tethys 2007-Jun-27 19:42 178 18419 in 10.6 116
47 47ME Methone 2007-Jun-27 22:23 178 22632 in 10.9 114
47 47MI Mimas 2007-Jun-27 22:47 178 102923 in 17 110
47 47AG Aegaeon 2007-Jun-27 23:13 178 15451 in 9.4 107
47 47EN Enceladus 2007-Jun-28 00:51 179 88671 in 9.3 54
47 47PM Prometheus 2007-Jun-28 01:42 179 35160 out 9.1 153
47 47EP Epimetheus 2007-Jun-28 02:07 179 86632 out 15.7 153
47 47AN Anthe 2007-Jun-28 02:41 179 32194 out 7.6 49
47 47RH Rhea 2007-Jun-28 12:00 179 104381 out 10.7 105
47* 47TI T33 Titan 2007-Jun-29 16:59 180 1933 out 6.2 96
48* 48TI T34 Titan 2007-Jul-19 01:11 200 1332 in 6.2 34
48 48HE Helene 2007-Jul-20 17:17 201 38264 in 4.7 55
48 48TE Tethys 2007-Jul-20 18:16 201 95187 in 6.5 94
49 49TE Tethys 2007-Aug-29 11:14 241 55392 in 4.8 102
49 49RH Rhea 2007-Aug-30 01:19 242 5728 out 6.7 46
49* 49TI T35 Titan 2007-Aug-31 06:32 243 3324 out 6.1 87
49* 49IA I1 Iapetus 2007-Sep-10 14:15 253 1618 out 2.4 59
50 50DI Dione 2007-Sep-30 05:47 273 43421 in 5.7 49
50 50EN Enceladus 2007-Sep-30 10:51 273 101478 in 6.5 95
50 50TL Telesto 2007-Sep-30 15:08 273 75922 out 7.7 163
50* 50TI T36 Titan 2007-Oct-02 04:42 275 973 out 6.3 67
51 51HY Hyperion 2007-Oct-21 15:01 294 121761 in 4.9 116
51 51TI Titan 2007-Oct-22 01:12 295 438394 in 4.2 30
51 51HE Helene 2007-Oct-24 00:33 297 23945 in 7.7 76
51 51PM Prometheus 2007-Oct-24 06:29 297 104600 in 1.5 166
52 52RH Rhea 2007-Nov-16 19:42 320 91626 in 9.3 150
52 52AG Aegaeon 2007-Nov-17 06:14 321 99705 in 3.3 150
52 52PA Pandora 2007-Nov-17 06:59 321 93411 in 1.6 163
52 52PN Pan 2007-Nov-17 08:05 321 96662 out 1.3 138
52 52EP Epimetheus 2007-Nov-17 09:20 321 99462 out 1.9 102
52 52CP Calypso 2007-Nov-17 12:34 321 87977 out 10.5 147
52* 52TI T37 Titan 2007-Nov-19 00:47 323 1000 out 6.3 51
53 53TL Telesto 2007-Dec-03 05:23 337 119567 in 8.9 20
53 53MI Mimas 2007-Dec-03 05:25 337 84271 in 15.0 139
53 53AG Aegaeon 2007-Dec-03 06:02 337 81120 in 15.0 131
53 53EP Epimetheus 2007-Dec-03 06:51 337 9181 in 7.6 141
53* 53TI T38 Titan 2007-Dec-05 00:06 339 1298 out 6.3 70
54* 54TI T39 Titan 2007-Dec-20 22:57 354 970 out 6.3 61
55 55DI Dione 2008-Jan-03 20:13 003 121814 in 11.1 76
55 55PL Pallene 2008-Jan-03 21:52 003 105664 in 9.4 120
55 55JA Janus 2008-Jan-03 22:11 003 118142 in 10.1 154
55 55DA Daphnis 2008-Jan-03 22:50 003 119016 in 10.4 157
55 55PM Prometheus 2008-Jan-03 23:11 003 112567 in 10.5 152
55 55PA Pandora 2008-Jan-04 00:33 004 123132 in 11.3 119
55* 55TI T40 Titan 2008-Jan-05 21:30 005 1014 out 6.3 38
56 56ME Methone 2008-Jan-15 21:11 015 15612 in 13.7 142
56 56AN Anthe 2008-Jan-15 21:31 015 99968 in 16.8 108
56 56PA Pandora 2008-Jan-15 22:19 015 95190 in 16.2 116
57 57TI Titan 2008-Jan-22 21:22 022 855500 in 4.5 69
57 57TI Titan 2008-Jan-27 12:32 027 985542 in 9.4 60
57 57AT Atlas 2008-Jan-27 19:15 027 75202 in 13.6 151
57 57EP Epimetheus 2008-Jan-27 20:16 027 89734 in 16.2 116
57 57PM Prometheus 2008-Jan-27 20:17 027 82362 in 15.4 125
57 57PA Pandora 2008-Jan-27 20:45 027 114395 in 17.3 109
58 58EP Epimetheus 2008-Feb-08 16:59 039 116975 in 13.4 121
58 58AN Anthe 2008-Feb-08 18:13 039 70355 in 15.6 108
58 58PA Pandora 2008-Feb-08 19:23 039 114439 in 17.3 110
58 58AT Atlas 2008-Feb-08 19:26 039 114718 out 17.2 110
59 59PN Pan 2008-Feb-20 17:50 051 79784 in 13.8 152
59 59PM Prometheus 2008-Feb-20 18:19 051 65855 in 14.2 152
59 59PA Pandora 2008-Feb-20 18:29 051 66343 in 14.5 145
59 59JA Janus 2008-Feb-20 19:08 051 110347 in 17.3 111
59* 59TI T41 Titan 2008-Feb-22 17:32 053 1000 out 6.3 30
60 60DA Daphnis 2008-Mar-02 03:44 062 97744 in 15.8 155
60 60PM Prometheus 2008-Mar-02 04:15 062 99682 in 16.3 141
61 61TI Titan 2008-Mar-10 19:49 070 918311 in 6.3 124
61* 61EN E3 Enceladus 2008-Mar-12 19:06 072 47 in 14.4 137
61 61DA Daphnis 2008-Mar-12 20:15 072 104053 in 16.4 139
62 62AN Anthe 2008-Mar-23 09:23 083 124573 in 14.4 110
62 62PL Pallene 2008-Mar-23 10:36 083 32686 in 15.0 135
62 62EP Epimetheus 2008-Mar-23 10:54 083 84176 in 15.6 152
62 62ME Methone 2008-Mar-23 11:24 083 102766 in 17.0 114
62* 62TI T42 Titan 2008-Mar-25 14:27 085 999 out 6.3 21
63 63TI Titan 2008-Apr-01 15:52 092 973783 in 12.9 36
63 63PL Pallene 2008-Apr-01 17:19 092 104464 in 14.8 123
63 63AG Aegaeon 2008-Apr-01 18:16 092 103555 in 15.9 157
63 63JA Janus 2008-Apr-01 19:09 092 117132 in 16.6 148
64 64MI Mimas 2008-Apr-11 09:28 102 106544 in 17.1 129
65 65MI Mimas 2008-Apr-20 20:44 111 116388 in 15.6 135
65 65TL Telesto 2008-Apr-20 21:47 111 77610 in 15.5 88
65 65EP Epimetheus 2008-Apr-20 22:33 111 119102 in 16.8 148
66 66TI Titan 2008-Apr-26 18:56 117 780171 in 5.5 94
66 66TL Telesto 2008-Apr-30 10:26 121 35753 in 14.5 45
66 66PL Pallene 2008-Apr-30 11:50 121 93069 in 16.4 123
67 67ME Methone 2008-May-09 23:35 130 95838 in 15.2 138
67 67JA Janus 2008-May-10 00:05 131 120786 in 16.3 156
67 67AN Anthe 2008-May-10 00:20 131 71277 in 15.4 156
67* 67TI T43 Titan 2008-May-12 10:01 133 1001 out 6.3 36
68 68CP Calypso 2008-May-17 23:03 138 111500 in 18.4 52
68 68ME Methone 2008-May-17 23:35 138 78918 in 20.1 105
68 68EP Epimetheus 2008-May-18 00:05 139 98915 out 21.5 118
69 69AG Aegaeon 2008-May-25 21:55 146 52199 in 19.0 119
69 69PL Pallene 2008-May-25 22:05 146 28257 in 18.3 51
69 69AT Atlas 2008-May-25 22:14 146 60523 in 19.9 155
69 69JA Janus 2008-May-25 22:49 146 63866 in 20.4 134
69* 69TI T44 Titan 2008-May-28 08:24 149 1400 out 6.3 21
70 70PL Pallene 2008-Jun-01 22:01 153 115591 in 21.4 66
70 70JA Janus 2008-Jun-01 22:13 153 32921 in 22.1 109
71 71PN Pan 2008-Jun-09 00:43 161 116078 in 23.6 103
71 71AN Anthe 2008-Jun-09 01:38 161 34935 in 21.2 18
71 71PA Pandora 2008-Jun-09 02:16 161 64065 out 23.5 119
72 72TI Titan 2008-Jun-13 04:28 165 364575 in 5.8 88
72 72EP Epimetheus 2008-Jun-16 04:59 168 23103 in 22.5 127
72 72PM Prometheus 2008-Jun-16 05:02 168 31849 in 22.8 142
72 72AN Anthe 2008-Jun-16 05:19 168 118784 out 23.3 100
72 72ME Methone 2008-Jun-16 05:19 168 113234 out 23.3 100
73 73ME Methone 2008-Jun-23 08:05 175 55483 in 21.9 76
73 73PN Pan 2008-Jun-23 08:18 175 48789 in 23.3 132
74 74TI Titan 2008-Jun-28 15:58 180 729792 in 7.9 107
74 74PM Prometheus 2008-Jun-30 08:15 182 65574 in 22.6 106
74 74EN Enceladus 2008-Jun-30 08:46 182 83739 in 21.1 49
74 74JA Janus 2008-Jun-30 08:57 182 29620 in 22.6 124
74 74ME Methone 2008-Jun-30 09:05 182 84860 in 22.5 92
74 74AG Aegaeon 2008-Jun-30 09:20 182 95515 out 23.7 107
74 74AT Atlas 2008-Jun-30 09:22 182 73454 out 24 119
END OF PRIME MISSION 2008-06-30
2008-182
--------------------
Equinox (EXTENDED MISSION) 2008-07-01 to 2010-09-29
2008-183 to 2010-272
----------------
The Cassini prime mission was the most complex gravity-assist tour ever
flown. The extended mission maintained this level of design and
navigational complexity in order to meet and balance the myriad of
disparate scientific objectives requested by the Cassini discipline
working groups within the 2.25-year time frame. As a result, compared
to the prime mission, the EM trajectory clearly meets or exceeds the
intensity of scientific opportunities. The two-year extension consists
of 28 close Titan flybys, twelve close icy satellite flybys (of which
eight are of Enceladus), 64 orbits around Saturn, and dozens more radio
and Solar occultations by Saturn, its rings, and Titan. The EM began
at high inclination, where the prime mission left off, with the
apoapsis of its orbit oriented nearly sunward. This geometry was
maintained for nine months for continued in-situ study of Saturn's
auroral region, complementing incomplete observations made at the end
of the prime mission. Also, these high inclinations allowed for high
priority stellar occultations by the main rings, particularly the very
dense B ring. Since one of the ring-plane crossings of this orbit
geometry was near Enceladus, it was also possible to insert three low
Enceladus flybys during this phase while meeting the other objectives.
Lastly, the Titan flybys during this high inclination phase were
designed to obtain a mid-northern latitude Titan radio occultation and
a high quality groundtrack over the Huygens landing site. This first
phase completed with a short Titan-Titan 'Pi-transfer' phase, with the
first encounter on one side of Titan's orbit and the second encounter
one-half of one orbit later, on the opposite side of Titan's orbit.
This creative strategy was implemented by the Cassini tour designers as
a highly efficient method to transfer the orbit from one side of Saturn
to another, speeding up the exploration of the environment compared to
a more conventional, encounter-by-encounter rotation.
The second major phase of the EM took place over six months in the
poorly sampled 'dusk sector' of Saturn, i.e. the side outward from
Saturn's dusk terminator. This phase contained the Saturnian equinox in
mid-August 2009, and was Cassini's only chance to study this infrequent
geometric event, as it only occurs every 15 years. During this equinox
viewing phase, Cassini's orbit inclination was slowly reduced, offering
a generous variety of observation geometries for Saturn's rings, where
the bulk of the equinox-related objectives are focused. In addition,
Titan flyby geometries allowed for key high-resolution radar mapping and
Titan occultations.
The third major phase was dominated by equatorial orbits and icy
satellite encounters. The fourth through seventh Enceladus encounters
occur here, as well as close flybys of Mimas, Dione, Rhea, and Helene
(a Dione coorbital). Two of the Enceladus encounters, E7 and E9, were
designed to pass deep within the plume emanating from the southern
polar region. In addition, two high quality horizontal (ansa to ansa)
ring occultations, long Saturn observation opportunities, a Titan wake
crossing, and mid-northern latitude Saturn occultations were included
in this icy satellite and ansa-to-ansa occultation phase. The final
phase of the Equinox Mission was several months long, and contains
a series of short Titan transfers designed for gravity measurements,
more high northern Titan observations, and a third horizontal
ring occultation. It is generally referred to as the high northern
Titan groundtrack phase.
Equinox (Extended) Mission Sequence Boundaries
----------------------------------------------
Sequence Rev Epoch (SCET) DOY Duration
In days
-------- --- ----------------- --- --------
S42 74 2008-Jul-01 19:08 183 40
S43 80 2008-Aug-11 00:20 224 34
S44 84 2008-Sep-13 22:19 257 35
S45 89 2008-Oct-18 20:21 292 39
S46 94 2008-Nov-26 17:55 331 44
S47 100 2009-Jan-09 15:16 009 39
S48 103 2009-Feb-17 12:35 048 37
S49 106 2009-Mar-26 10:05 085 40
S50 110 2009-May-05 07:16 125 39
S51 112 2009-Jun-13 04:41 164 41
S52 115 2009-Jul-23 21:51 204 32
S53 117 2009-Aug-25 00:04 237 41
S54 119 2009-Oct-05 04:03 278 40
S55 121 2009-Nov-13 19:21 317 39
S56 123 2009-Dec-22 23:26 356 32
S57 125 2010-Jan-23 15:00 023 37
S58 127 2010-Mar-01 19:04 060 34
S59 129 2010-Apr-05 02:49 095 42
S60 131 2010-May-17 13:31 137 39
S61* 133 2010-Jun-25 21:10 176 35
S62* 135 2010-Jul-30 18:51 211 37
S63* 137 2010-Sep-06 06:33 249 35
S64** 139 2010-Oct-11 04:17 284 45
S65** 141 2010-Nov-24 19:35 328 54
S66** 143 2011-Jan-17 08:42 017 49
S67** 146 2011-Mar-07 13:02 066 49
*XXM bridge sequences
**XXM transition sequences; part of the Solstice Mission
Equinox (Extended) Mission Satellite Encounter
----------------------------------------------
*Targeted fly-by
Rev Name Satellite Epoch (SCET) DOY Alt in/ Speed Phase
km out km/s deg
---- ------- --------- ---------------- --- --- --- ----- ----
75 75JA Janus 2008-Jul-07 08:57 189 81938 in 22.6 94
75 75PA Pandora 2008-Jul-07 09:38 189 22899 in 22.6 159
75 75ME Methone 2008-Jul-07 10:03 189 116261 out 23.4 102
76 76DA Daphnis 2008-Jul-14 10:06 196 44006 in 22.6 119
76 76PM Prometheus 2008-Jul-14 10:13 196 32622 in 22.5 127
76 76PL Pallene 2008-Jul-14 10:36 196 91903 in 22.1 84
76 76TI Titan 2008-Jul-15 21:26 197 542891 out 8.4 127
77 77PL Pallene 2008-Jul-21 11:06 203 59392 in 21.0 26
77 77AG Aegaeon 2008-Jul-21 11:11 203 12254 in 21.8 61
77 77AT Atlas 2008-Jul-21 11:23 203 28113 in 22.7 155
77 77AN Anthe 2008-Jul-21 11:35 203 86705 in 22.5 92
77 77DA Daphnis 2008-Jul-21 12:00 203 85397 out 24.4 118
77 77PN PAN 2008-Jul-21 12:04 203 90510 out 24.6 118
78 78PN PAN 2008-Jul-28 11:25 210 97258 in 23.3 102
78 78PM Prometheus 2008-Jul-28 12:18 210 24670 in 22.6 160
78 78EP Epimetheus 2008-Jul-28 13:01 210 107125 out 24.6 113
78* 78TI T45 Titan 2008-Jul-31 02:13 213 1614 out 6.2 49
79 79MI Mimas 2008-Aug-04 10:27 217 121889 in 19.0 110
79 79EP Epimetheus 2008-Aug-04 12:48 217 102118 out 19.9 143
80 80ME Methone 2008-Aug-11 20:41 224 60452 in 18.4 127
80* 80EN E4 Enceladus 2008-Aug-11 21:06 224 50 in 17.7 110
80 80MI Mimas 2008-Aug-11 21:48 224 81522 out 19.1 137
80 80DA Daphnis 2008-Aug-11 21:55 224 110004 out 20.3 149
81 81TI Titan 2008-Aug-15 20:47 228 302282 in 5.9 85
81 81PL Pallene 2008-Aug-19 06:10 232 43655 in 18.4 134
81 81PN Pan 2008-Aug-19 06:44 232 114580 out 20.5 146
82 82AT Atlas 2008-Aug-26 14:07 239 107606 in 19.9 149
83 83TI Titan 2008-Aug-31 13:13 244 603198 in 6.9 97
83 83JA Janus 2008-Sep-02 23:28 246 86929 in 19.4 156
83 83ME Methone 2008-Sep-03 00:26 247 90502 out 19.2 128
83 83AN Anthe 2008-Sep-03 00:34 247 101545 out 19.3 124
84 84AN Anthe 2008-Sep-10 08:05 254 50318 in 18.3 132
84 84AG Aegaeon 2008-Sep-10 08:44 254 74412 in 19.2 156
84 84EP Epimetheus 2008-Sep-10 08:51 254 91304 in 19.6 155
85 85TI Titan 2008-Sep-15 23:39 259 902601 in 8.7 99
85 85AG Aegaeon 2008-Sep-17 16:07 261 108852 in 19.2 121
85 85PA Pandora 2008-Sep-17 16:36 261 106171 in 19.7 144
85 85MI Mimas 2008-Sep-17 16:49 261 61153 in 18.3 139
85 85CP Calypso 2008-Sep-17 17:18 261 60877 in 17.5 45
85 85DA Daphnis 2008-Sep-17 17:55 261 108592 out 20.2 151
86 86TE Tethys 2008-Sep-25 01:23 269 109903 in 17.5 50
86 86AT Atlas 2008-Sep-25 01:41 269 105075 in 19.9 150
86 86PN Pan 2008-Sep-25 02:13 269 105262 in 20.1 157
86 86PL Pallene 2008-Sep-25 03:11 269 115319 out 19.3 118
87 87TE Tethys 2008-Oct-02 11:03 276 78710 in 17.6 70
87 87TI Titan 2008-Oct-03 23:03 277 780532 out 9.3 125
88 88TL Telesto 2008-Oct-09 18:46 283 67252 in 17.2 22
88 88JA Janus 2008-Oct-09 18:55 283 89530 in 19.4 151
88* 88EN E5 Enceladus 2008-Oct-09 19:06 283 25 in 17.7 113
89 89PL Pallene 2008-Oct-17 02:57 291 28938 in 18.1 141
89 89EP Epimetheus 2008-Oct-17 04:22 291 118997 out 20.3 136
89 89TI Titan 2008-Oct-19 05:24 293 397700 out 7.1 125
90 90JA Janus 2008-Oct-24 09:13 298 108131 in 19.5 132
90 90PN Pan 2008-Oct-24 10:07 298 105460 in 20.1 156
90 90MI Mimas 2008-Oct-24 10:24 298 57287 in 18.3 155
91 91ME Methone 2008-Oct-31 16:02 305 116148 in 18.8 102
91 91PA Pandora 2008-Oct-31 16:30 305 111471 in 19.8 138
91 91DA Daphnis 2008-Oct-31 17:13 305 102873 in 19.9 155
91* 91EN E6 Enceladus 2008-Oct-31 17:14 305 170 in 17.7 110
91 91AT Atlas 2008-Oct-31 18:10 305 112317 out 20.3 147
91 91EP Epimetheus 2008-Oct-31 18:35 305 118914 out 20.3 136
91* 91TI T46 Titan 2008-Nov-03 17:35 308 1105 out 6.3 171
92 92PO Polydeuces 2008-Nov-08 20:57 313 120992 in 15.3 12
92 92TL Telesto 2008-Nov-08 21:27 313 67089 in 16.4 85
92 92EN Enceladus 2008-Nov-08 21:48 313 55275 in 16.9 127
93 93TE Tethys 2008-Nov-16 20:42 321 57649 in 15.9 41
93* 93TI T47 Titan 2008-Nov-19 15:56 324 1023 out 6.3 28
94 94HE Helene 2008-Nov-24 08:27 329 65570 in 14.3 14
94 94TE Tethys 2008-Nov-24 08:46 329 23542 in 15.2 160
95 95EN Enceladus 2008-Dec-02 06:36 337 123745 in 15.7 115
95 95CP Calypso 2008-Dec-02 07:17 337 69569 in 15.2 93
95* 95TI T48 Titan 2008-Dec-05 14:25 340 961 out 6.3 25
96 96CP Calypso 2008-Dec-09 18:40 344 74026 out 14.9 147
97* 97TI T49 Titan 2008-Dec-21 12:59 356 971 out 6.3 83
100 100TI Titan 2009-Jan-14 09:28 014 704003 out 9.3 25
102 102RH Rhea 2009-Feb-02 10:44 033 98804 in 10.5 82
102* 102TI T50 Titan 2009-Feb-07 08:50 038 967 out 6.3 136
103 103TI Titan 2009-Feb-13 18:26 044 707039 in 7.7 98
106 106TI Titan 2009-Mar-21 11:50 080 991549 in 8.0 63
106* 106TI T51 Titan 2009-Mar-27 04:43 086 963 out 6.3 84
108* 108TI T52 Titan 2009-Apr-04 01:47 094 4147 in 5.8 151
108 108TI Titan 2009-Apr-11 17:35 101 326143 out 6.0 67
109* 109TI T53 Titan 2009-Apr-20 00:20 110 3599 in 5.8 149
109 109TI Titan 2009-Apr-27 04:05 117 694947 out 6.3 64
110* 110TI T54 Titan 2009-May-05 22:54 125 3242 in 5.8 146
111* 111TI T55 Titan 2009-May-21 21:26 141 966 in 6.0 142
112* 112TI T56 Titan 2009-Jun-06 20:00 157 968 in 6.0 135
113* 113TI T57 Titan 2009-Jun-22 18:32 173 955 in 6.0 128
114* 114TI T58 Titan 2009-Jul-08 17:04 189 966 in 6.0 120
114 114DI Dione 2009-Jul-11 03:12 192 86563 out 9.2 62
115* 115TI T59 Titan 2009-Jul-24 15:34 205 956 in 6.0 112
115 115PM Prometheus 2009-Jul-26 16:18 207 113397 out 10.4 79
115 115PA Pandora 2009-Jul-26 16:48 207 103589 out 10.1 66
115 115JA Janus 2009-Jul-26 17:06 207 94090 out 9.9 59
115 115TE Tethys 2009-Jul-26 18:15 207 68255 out 9.5 89
116* 116TI T60 Titan 2009-Aug-09 14:03 221 971 in 6.0 104
116 116AT Atlas 2009-Aug-11 11:26 223 118906 in 14.4 117
116 116AN Anthe 2009-Aug-11 12:19 223 35617 out 8.2 76
117* 117TI T61 Titan 2009-Aug-25 12:51 237 961 in 6.0 86
117 117AG Aegaeon 2009-Aug-27 09:36 239 107007 in 3.0 105
117 117PL Pallene 2009-Aug-27 11:03 239 101280 out 7.5 119
117 117TL Telesto 2009-Aug-27 13:10 239 25193 out 5.8 86
118 118PM Prometheus 2009-Sep-20 10:09 263 121150 out 2.7 73
118 118DI Dione 2009-Sep-20 16:50 263 97131 out 9.8 94
118 118TI Titan 2009-Sep-22 06:53 265 293866 out 4.8 113
119* 119TI T62 Titan 2009-Oct-12 08:36 285 1300 in 6.0 99
119 119RH Rhea 2009-Oct-13 16:54 286 40408 in 9.0 82
119 119ME Methone 2009-Oct-14 03:18 287 86115 in 11.8 39
119 119AT Atlas 2009-Oct-14 04:19 287 70651 in 2.9 114
119 119CP Calypso 2009-Oct-14 04:33 287 100793 in 7.7 107
119 119MI Mimas 2009-Oct-14 06:32 287 44050 out 7.8 102
119 119TE Tethys 2009-Oct-14 10:10 287 85102 out 11.9 76
120 120TI Titan 2009-Nov-01 23:57 305 978758 in 9.9 73
120 120PL Pallene 2009-Nov-02 02:07 306 93538 in 12.6 46
120 120EP Epimetheus 2009-Nov-02 05:26 306 105153 out 8.0 6
120 120CP Calypso 2009-Nov-02 06:55 306 86773 out 6.9 117
120* 120EN E7 Enceladus 2009-Nov-02 07:41 306 101 out 7.7 90
121 121HE Helene 2009-Nov-20 22:04 324 82631 in 6.6 105
121* 121EN E8 Enceladus 2009-Nov-21 02:09 325 1598 in 7.8 88
121 121PA Pandora 2009-Nov-21 04:45 325 59460 in 3.0 103
121 121TI Titan 2009-Nov-21 08:30 325 965079 out 11.1 138
121 121CP Calypso 2009-Nov-21 10:19 325 37046 out 10.0 78
121 121RH Rhea 2009-Nov-21 17:35 325 24452 out 8.7 58
122 122HE Helene 2009-Dec-09 22:28 343 31762 in 9.6 73
122 122PL Pallene 2009-Dec-10 03:33 344 111217 in 13.7 47
122* 122TI T63 Titan 2009-Dec-12 01:03 346 4848 out 5.7 124
123 123TE Tethys 2009-Dec-26 00:35 360 52931 in 11.8 77
123 123AN Anthe 2009-Dec-26 03:29 360 12097 in 8.3 102
123 123PM Prometheus 2009-Dec-26 05:01 360 56470 in 10.5 36
123* 123TI T64 Titan 2009-Dec-28 00:16 362 951 out 5.9 86
124 124PA Pandora 2010-Jan-11 02:08 011 73052 in 7.1 141
124 124ME Methone 2010-Jan-11 02:25 011 26904 in 8.0 145
124 124EN Enceladus 2010-Jan-11 06:47 011 105787 out 11.4 98
124 124CP Calypso 2010-Jan-11 08:17 011 113038 out 8.0 102
124* 124TI T65 Titan 2010-Jan-12 23:10 012 1074 out 5.9 95
125 125TL Telesto 2010-Jan-27 00:30 027 97067 in 7.2 91
125 125ME Methone 2010-Jan-27 01:39 027 72100 in 14.0 60
125 125PN Pan 2010-Jan-27 04:31 027 97942 out 14.8 123
125 125PM Prometheus 2010-Jan-27 04:36 027 32484 out 7.2 112
125 125AG Aegaeon 2010-Jan-27 05:18 027 13313 out 7.4 97
125 125DI Dione 2010-Jan-27 11:47 027 45086 out 8.7 106
125* 125TI T66 Titan 2010-Jan-28 22:28 028 7486 out 5.7 69
126 126CP Calypso 2010-Feb-13 11:44 044 21304 in 10.1 72
126 126EP Epimetheus 2010-Feb-13 16:16 044 93253 in 12.4 30
126 126JA Janus 2010-Feb-13 16:22 044 115085 in 14.4 29
126 126MI Mimas 2010-Feb-13 17:22 044 9544 out 5.8 99
126 126TE Tethys 2010-Feb-13 18:15 044 111978 out 8.2 114
126 126TI Titan 2010-Feb-14 22:46 045 650558 out 8.8 32
127* 127RH R2 Rhea 2010-Mar-02 17:40 061 101 in 8.6 87
127 127PN Pan 2010-Mar-03 04:38 062 103801 in 6.0 149
127 127CP Calypso 2010-Mar-03 11:03 062 91765 out 12.8 77
127 127HE Helene 2010-Mar-03 13:40 062 1852 out 9.1 106
128 128TI Titan 2010-Mar-19 14:36 078 649737 in 8.9 119
128 128TL Telesto 2010-Mar-20 16:16 079 92972 in 12.8 72
128 128AT Atlas 2010-Mar-20 20:47 079 101223 in 9.8 137
128 128PM Prometheus 2010-Mar-20 21:10 079 40884 in 3.9 101
128 128DA Daphnis 2010-Mar-20 21:42 079 65180 out 5.6 23
128 128ME Methone 2010-Mar-20 23:28 079 52091 out 10.9 99
128 128PL Pallene 2010-Mar-21 00:02 080 70672 out 12.5 94
128 128PO Polydeuces 2010-Mar-21 04:47 080 30027 out 10.2 70
129* 129TI T67 Titan 2010-Apr-05 15:50 095 7438 in 5.7 73
129* 129DI D2 Dione 2010-Apr-07 05:16 097 506 in 8.4 79
129 129CP Calypso 2010-Apr-07 08:00 097 97930 in 11.7 69
129 129EP Epimetheus 2010-Apr-07 12:45 097 61711 in 2.4 89
129 129JA Janus 2010-Apr-07 13:43 097 74605 out 2.8 40
129 129MI Mimas 2010-Apr-07 13:46 097 97431 out 10.3 124
129 129TE Tethys 2010-Apr-07 14:58 097 70783 out 6.4 103
130 130PM Prometheus 2010-Apr-27 20:38 117 84501 in 1.6 116
130 130TL Telesto 2010-Apr-27 20:45 117 79610 in 6.7 97
130 130TI Titan 2010-Apr-27 21:09 117 989121 in 12.5 94
130 130DA Daphnis 2010-Apr-27 22:41 117 86252 out 1.4 47
130 130PA Pandora 2010-Apr-27 23:05 117 91534 out 1.8 34
130 130PL Pallene 2010-Apr-27 23:46 117 71197 out 9.7 112
130 130PN Pan 2010-Apr-27 23:52 117 113811 out .5 24
130* 130EN E9 Enceladus 2010-Apr-28 00:10 118 101 out 6.5 93
131* 131EN E10 Enceladus 2010-May-18 06:04 138 437 in 6.5 114
131 131ME Methone 2010-May-18 08:20 138 18327 in 4.3 75
131 131AN Anthe 2010-May-18 09:28 138 26439 out 5.4 106
131* 131TI T68 Titan 2010-May-20 03:24 140 1398 out 5.9 112
132 132HE Helene 2010-Jun-03 00:38 154 114182 in 11.7 85
132 132CP Calypso 2010-Jun-03 06:10 154 119922 in 8.9 80
132 132PA Pandora 2010-Jun-03 07:15 154 97162 in 14.1 44
132 132TE Tethys 2010-Jun-03 12:56 154 52567 out 9.6 99
132 132RH Rhea 2010-Jun-03 20:31 154 69354 out 8.0 102
132* 132TI T69 Titan 2010-Jun-05 02:26 156 2043 out 5.8 87
133 133RH Rhea 2010-Jun-18 19:50 169 120596 in 10.7 109
133 133AN Anthe 2010-Jun-19 04:34 170 99460 in 15.6 74
133 133PN Pan 2010-Jun-19 07:10 170 29332 out 5.0 115
133 133PO Polydeuces 2010-Jun-19 14:08 170 97485 out 12.4 79
133* 133TI T70 Titan 2010-Jun-21 01:27 172 878 out 5.9 82
134 134CP Calypso 2010-Jul-05 00:34 186 114680 in 12.7 70
134 134EN Enceladus 2010-Jul-05 02:02 186 58192 in 11.4 58
134 134DA Daphnis 2010-Jul-05 05:01 186 72581 in 9.2 48
134* 134TI T71 Titan 2010-Jul-07 00:22 188 1004 out 5.9 82
135 135PM Prometheus 2010-Jul-25 03:29 206 70069 out 2.2 70
135 135AT Atlas 2010-Jul-25 04:31 206 89554 out 2.1 37
136 136TI Titan 2010-Aug-11 13:35 223 417269 in 4.0 80
136 136DI Dione 2010-Aug-13 17:44 225 108754 in 11.3 84
136 136CP Calypso 2010-Aug-13 20:30 225 22699 in 7.4 99
136* 136EN E11 Enceladus 2010-Aug-13 22:30 225 2555 in 6.8 85
136 136EP Epimetheus 2010-Aug-13 23:20 225 101863 in 3.7 149
136 136AT Atlas 2010-Aug-14 00:33 226 74167 in 2.1 102
136 136PA Pandora 2010-Aug-14 01:07 226 67745 out 2.3 78
136 136DA Daphnis 2010-Aug-14 01:25 226 74366 out 2.0 68
136 136JA Janus 2010-Aug-14 02:01 226 79714 out 3.3 35
136 136PN Pan 2010-Aug-14 02:05 226 86698 out 1.8 48
136 136TE Tethys 2010-Aug-14 06:03 226 38043 out 9.3 91
137 137PO Polydeuces 2010-Sep-02 18:30 245 66569 in 7.0 94
137 137TL Telesto 2010-Sep-02 20:43 245 71196 in 10.8 73
137 137AN Anthe 2010-Sep-03 00:14 246 44821 in 7.5 51
137 137AG Aegaeon 2010-Sep-03 01:50 246 110696 out 9.3 27
137 137TI Titan 2010-Sep-03 02:29 246 985306 out 12.5 103
137 137EP Epimetheus 2010-Sep-03 03:00 246 93386 out 3.9 24
137 137DI Dione 2010-Sep-03 09:15 246 39035 out 9.2 83
138 138EN Enceladus 2010-Sep-23 03:07 266 112044 out 12.7 104
138 138CP Calypso 2010-Sep-23 04:54 266 28937 out 8.4 86
138 138PO Polydeuces 2010-Sep-23 07:25 266 100343 out 11.2 82
138* 138TI T72 Titan 2010-Sep-24 18:38 267 8178 out 5.7 60
Solstice (EXTENDED-EXTENDED) MISSION 2010-09-30 to 2017-09-15
2010-273 to 2017-258
-------------------------
At the conclusion of the Equinox Mission, Cassini initiated a seven-year
mission extension called the Solstice Mission (SM) to end on 15 September
2017. This mission continued to explore the features of the Saturnian
system such as the rings, the magnetosphere, Titan, and the icy satellites,
especially Enceladus. The seven-year extension also allowed for observation
of the northern summer solstice at Saturn to assess seasonal changes.
The science objectives required a mix of equatorial and inclined orbits,
thus the mission consisted of six phases: two equatorial phases, three
inclined phases, and the proximal orbits phase. Equitorial orbits are
necessary for icy moon flybys and ring-free Saturn observations, while
inclined orbits are necessary for rings studies and high-latitude Titan
mapping. These differing geometries and science objectives would have been
quite costly, in terms of propellant, to interleave (as seen in the PM and
EM), but by segmenting the mission design into phases of similar orbit
inclinations, the tour was able to achieve all science objectives while
efficiently utilizing the available propellant.
Phase 1 In-0: T71-T73
This four-month segment consisted of resonant Titan-to-Titan transfers
to decrease the orbit inclination and set up for the first equatorial
phase of SM. A 5:4 resonant transfer from T71-T72 enabled the E11
flyby and multiple radioscience ring occultations. The T72-T73 transfer
yielded two UVIS Saturn occultations in the northern hemisphere at mid-
latitudes.
The E11 flyby geometry enabled optimal coverage and resolution for thermal
and multispectral imaging of the south pole tier stripes. This was also
the last opportunity for close-in visual imaging of the tiger stripes
before the south pole entered total darkness.
Note that T71 and T72 actually occurred during the last three months of EM
(aka the 'bridge'). The original EM tour was designed through June 2010 and
the final three months of EM were designed at the same time as the SM.
Phase 2 Eq-1: T73-T83
The 18-month equatorial phase was designed to enable unobstructed (by the
rings) Saturn observations, occultations, and icy flybys. During this
phase, the orbit apoapsis was rotated towards noon to enable high-
latitude Saturn occultations. By rotating earlier in local solar time, an
optimal spacecraft orbit was set up for capturing high-priority ring and
Saturn occultations in the next phase.
Many of the Titan flybys during this phase had low solar phase groundtracks
which were ideal for ISS and VIMS observations. T75 passed through Titan's
magnetospheric wake which provided excellent MAPS observations. The T78
flyby provided mid-latitude UVIS and RSS Titan occultations at both ingres
and egress. There were also two very high targeted Titan flybys in this phase,
T80 and T81, with a ~30,000 km flyby altitude. These two flybys were ideal for
ISS imaging of the moon's surface. With the exception of T83, all Titan
flybys in Eq-1 were above 1400 km in altitude. At 1400 km and greater
altitudes, Titan's atmospheric effects on the spacecraft are not a concern
and RCS thruster control was not needed. Thus, nearly two years elapsed
between low Titan flybys that required RCS thruster control.
Ten icy flybys, eight of which were Enceladus flybys, occurred during Eq-1.
E12 and E13 were both northern hemisphere flybys of Enceladus at an altitude
of 50 km. These are the only two Enceladus flybys in SM that did not provide
coverage of the moon's southern hemisphere. R3, a 75 km flyby of Rhea, was
designed to provide measurements of the interplanetary meteoroid mass flux
coming into the Saturn system. E14 (100 km), E17 (75 km), and E18 (75 km)
passed beneath the south pole of Enceladus for in-situ sampling of the plumes.
E15, a 1236 km altitude flyby, achieved the first and only triple UVIS stellar
occultation of the plume in the Cassini mission. The three stars passed
horizontally behind the plume at varying distances from the moon's surface
which enabled characterization of the plume in two dimensions. The E16 flyby
(500 km) was optimized for RADAR and provided the first synthetic aperture
radar images of the moon. E19 (75 km) was designed as a gravity flyby for
radio science and passed over the moon's south pole. D3, a 100 km altitude
flyby of Dione, was designed to pass through the wake region in order to
address key MAPS science objectives about geologic activity on Dione.
D3 and T79 was a double flyby; the only one to occur in SM. A double flyby
is a back-to-back flyby of Titan and another icy satellite (in this case
Dione) without any maneuvers between the flybys. Only one of the flybys can
be targeted and the actual trajectory at the time of the maneuver design
determines which body will be targeted. For the D3-T79 double flyby, T79
was targeted.
Phase 3 In-1: T83-T110
The first inclined phase spans from 22 May 2012 - 16 March 2015. The phase is
further subdivided into sub-phases (In-1A, In-1B, and In-1C) based upon the
the unique geometries of each sub-phase.
In-1A: T83 - T91
In the first In-1 sub-phase, short period, resonant orbits increase inclina-
tion from 0deg - 61.7deg. The inclined orbits offer ample opportunities for
ring and Saturn occultations, Titan flybys, and ring observations.
There are ring and/or Saturn occultations on all Titan-to-Titan transfers
(revs 167-190) during this phase providing ample RSS and UVIS occultation
opportunities. By mid to late 2013, further atmospheric occultations are
precluded at all latitudes except near Saturn's equator because the rings
encompass the planet's poles as viewed from Earth.
Titan surface coverage consists mostly of low altitude (ideal for RADAR and
in-situ atmospheric measurements), low solar phase (ideal for high-resolution
ORS imaging) groundtracks covering latitudes from the equator to the north
pole. The T88 flyby (1014 km) will provide coverage of the Huygens landing
site. T89 (1978 km) was designed as a radio science gravity flyby.
R4, a 997 km flyby of Rhea, is the only targeted icy satellite flyby to occur
on an inclined rev. The flyby was designed for RSS gravity measurements.
In-1B: T91 - T101
The In-1B sub-phase was designed to provide low phase, northern and southern
Titan coverage and multiple inclined passages through Saturn's magnetotail
region. A series of longer period, resonant orbits reduces inclination
from 61.7deg to 40.7deg for this sub-phase.
The T91 - T95 groundtracks provide more northern hemisphere coverage at low
altitude and a range of latitudes. T96 passes directly over Ontario Lacus in
the southern hemisphere; this is a high priority science target. The T95
to T96 transfer causes periapse to move from just before Titan to just
after Titan (e.g. switches from outbound to inbound). This geometry places
apoapsis near Saturn's equitorial plane to enable distance magnetotail
crossings. The T100 to T101 transfer implements an inbound to outbound
pi-transfer to set up the orbit orientation needed for the final phases of
the mission. The exact location of the magnetotail is unpredictable, but
it is known to reside near the Sun-Saturn line at large distances from
the planet near midnight LST. Inclined orbits with apoapsis near midnight
LST are preferred over equatorial orbits since the bounding declination of
the magnetotail can vary. Six magnetotail passages at a variety of
distances ranging in duration from 60 - 215 hours will occur during this
subphase.
In-1C: T101 - T110
The overall theme of the third In-1 sub-phase is Titan occultations and
inclination reduction. However, the first three Titan flybys (T101 - T103)
increase inclination instead of decreasing in order to achieve three UVIS
and RSS Titan occultations. These occultations enable atmospheric studies
of Titan's polar regions; the groundtracks are located over Titan's south-
ern hemisphere at high solar phase. The remaining flybys in the sub-phase
(T104 - T109) decrease orbit inclination to set up for the next phase.
The groundtracks for T104 - T109 are all over the northern hemisphere at
low solar phase.
Phase 4 Eq-2: T110-T114
The fourth phase which was the second equatorial phase of the SM spans from
16 March 2015 - 13 November 2015. This phase extends the temporal baseline
for ring-free Saturn observations, incorporates two close flybys of both
Enceladus and Dione, and a distant flyby of Enceladus. Orbit apoapsis is
rotated later in LST to set up the node for the inclined proximal orbits at
end of mission.
E21 (50 km) was the final passage through Enceladus' plumes in SM and the
last opportunity for MAPS in-situ measurements of the plumes. E20 (1840 km)
was allocated for ORS observations. MAPS observations were planned for D4
(516 km) and RSS gravity measurements were planned for D5 (475 km). The
T110 groundtrack was planned for ORS observations of the northern lakes
region. T111 - T113 groundtracks lie near Saturn's equator.
Phase 5 In-2: T114-T126
In In-2, inclination is gradually increased from near zero to 63.8deg and
periapse distance is reduced to just outside the F-ring. These orbits set up
the conditions necessary to enable the proximal orbits, but they are also
ideal for ring observations and close flybys of the innermost, small icy
moons.
Phase 6 Proximal Orbits Phase
In anticipation of possible planetary protection requirements, the project
decided that the SM design must preclude the possibility of future impact
with any of the large icy moons such as Enceladus. A variety of end-of-
mission scenarios were considered, but one option, a series of close-in
orbits culminating with impact into Saturn, stood out from the others.
Saturn impact ultimately vaporizes the spacecraft in the planet's atmos-
sphere precluding any further contact with other bodies in Saturn system
and the close-in orbits (a.k.a. proximal orbits) enable very unique science
opportunities. This option, strongly favored by the project and the outer
outer planets science community, was incorporated into the SM design.
Beginning in April 2017, Cassini dove through the approximately 2,000
kilometer-wide gap between Saturn and its rings. No other spacecraft had
ever explored this unique region.
A final close flyby of the moon Titan on April 22 used the moon's gravity
to reshape Cassini's trajectory so that the spacecraft leapt over the
planet's icy rings to pass between the rings and Saturn. During 22 such
passes over about five months, the spacecraft's altitude above Saturn's
clouds varied from about 1,600 to 4,000 kilometers thanks to occasional
distant passes by Titan that shifted the closest approach distance. At
times, Cassini skirted the very inner edge of the rings; at other times,
it skimmed the outer edges of the atmosphere. During its final five
orbits, its orbit passed through Saturn's uppermost atmosphere, before
finally plunging directly into the planet on Sept. 15, 2017.
Solstice Mission Sequence Boundaries
------------------------------------
Sequence Rev Epoch (SCET) DOY Duration
In days
-------- --- ----------------- --- --------
S64 139 2010-Oct-11 04:17 284 45
S65 141 2010-Nov-24 19:35 328 54
S66 143 2011-Jan-17 08:42 017 49
S67 146 2011-Mar-07 13:02 066 49
S68 147 2011-Apr-25 16:03 115 69
S69 150 2011-Jul-03 11:10 184 66
S70 153 2011-Sep-07 00:48 250 70
S71 157 2011-Nov-16 03:02 320 70
S72 160 2012-Jan-24 22:55 024 73
S73 164 2012-Apr-06 11:47 097 73
S74 168 2012-Jun-18 22:58 170 67
S75 171 2012-Aug-24 18;56 237 70
S76 174 2012-Nov-02 14:30 307 72
S77 179 2013-Jan-13 17:51 013 72
S78 184 2013-Mar-26 13:15 085 72
S79 191 2013-Jun-07 00:45 158 68
S80 196 2013-Aug-14 09:51 226 70
S81 198 2013-Oct-22 23:15 295 66
S82 200 2013-Dec-28 01:47 362 76
S83 202 2014-Mar-13 21:12 072 72
S84 204 2014-May-24 10:01 144 68
S85 206 2014-Jul-31 05:09 212 67
S86 209 2014-Oct-06 01:01 279 72
S87 210 2014-Dec-17 03:15 351 67
S88 212 2015-Feb-21 16:52 052 69
S89 215 2015-May-01 18:45 121 73
S90 218 2015-Jul-13 13:42 194 70
S91 222 2015-Sep-21 02:48 264 65
S92 226 2015-Nov-25 06:08 329 74
S93 231 2016-Feb-07 00:48 038 72
S94 235 2016-Apr-18 18:43 109 69
S95 237 2016-Jun-26 15:44 178 74
S96 242 2016-Sep-08 10:36 252 76
S97 249 2016-Nov-23 05:43 328 72
S98 259 2017-Feb-03 07:05 034 70
S99 269 2017-Apr-14 14:55 104 41
S100 276 2017-May-25 08:57 145 46
S101 283 2017-Jul-10 01:14 191 67
End of Mission 2017-Sep-15 10:32 258
Solstice Mission Satellite Encounter
------------------------------------
*Targeted fly-by
Rev Name Satellite Epoch (SCET) DOY Alt in/ Speed Phase
km out km/s deg
---- ---------- --------- ---------------- --- --- --- ----- ----
139 139TI Titan 2010-Oct-14 17:06 287 172784 in 4.8 80
139 139PO Polydeuces 2010-Oct-16 10:46 289 116005 in 10.8 73
139 139MI Mimas 2010-Oct-16 17:31 289 70140 in 2.4 101
139 139PL Pallene 2010-Oct-16 17:57 289 36109 in 3.5 82
139 139TL Telesto 2010-Oct-16 18:05 289 48493 out 5.5 99
139 139ME Methone 2010-Oct-16 18:38 289 105266 out 5.8 23
139 139AG Aegaeon 2010-Oct-16 19:17 289 96382 out 1.9 40
139 139DI Dione 2010-Oct-17 01:04 290 31419 out 6.8 91
139 139RH Rhea 2010-Oct-17 06:48 290 38486 out 7.1 100
140 140DI Dione 2010-Nov-09 10:56 313 99850 in 10.2 74
140 140EN Enceladus 2010-Nov-09 16:22 313 44990 in 6.5 50
140* 140TI T73 Titan 2010-Nov-11 13:37 315 7926 out 5.6 121
141 141HY Hyperion 2010-Nov-28 03:29 332 71868 in 4.9 73
141 141TI Titan 2010-Nov-29 06:25 333 926131 in 10.5 130
141 141AT Atlas 2010-Nov-30 07:17 334 114376 in .7 144
141 141JA Janus 2010-Nov-30 11:12 334 95615 out 2.4 29
141* 141EN E12 Enceladus 2010-Nov-30 11:53 334 46 out 6.3 78
142 142TI Titan 2010-Dec-16 19:57 350 848609 in 3.6 91
142 142TI Titan 2010-Dec-20 12:16 354 893286 in 6.3 46
142 142DI Dione 2010-Dec-20 16:50 354 100150 in 5.9 87
142 142PN Pan 2010-Dec-20 20:36 354 115573 in .4 141
142 142PA Pandora 2010-Dec-20 20:42 354 109126 in 1.1 143
142 142DA Daphnis 2010-Dec-20 23:35 354 85087 out 1.3 61
142 142AN Anthe 2010-Dec-20 23:46 354 33753 out 5.6 115
142* 142EN E13 Enceladus 2010-Dec-21 01:08 355 48 out 6.2 89
143 143PA Pandora 2011-Jan-10 14:43 010 94724 in 1.5 133
143 143AN Anthe 2011-Jan-10 17:10 010 33294 out 5.6 115
143 143ME Methone 2011-Jan-10 17:22 010 85748 out 9.4 127
143 143TI Titan 2011-Jan-11 03:18 011 838661 out 5.9 140
143* 143RH R3 Rhea 2011-Jan-11 04:53 011 71 out 8.0 101
143 143TI Titan 2011-Jan-14 09:20 014 772712 out 3.6 96
144 144EP Epimetheus 2011-Jan-31 02:14 031 68444 in 2.5 115
144 144CP Calypso 2011-Jan-31 03:48 031 77730 out 6.6 94
144 144PM Prometheus 2011-Jan-31 04:46 031 105560 out 1.1 33
144 144EN Enceladus 2011-Jan-31 05:51 031 60154 out 9.6 111
144 144HE Helene 2011-Jan-31 10:17 031 27648 out 7.5 92
145* 145TI T74 Titan 2011-Feb-18 16:04 049 3651 in 5.8 62
145 145EN Enceladus 2011-Feb-20 14:02 051 67917 out 4.2 134
145 145PL Pallene 2011-Feb-20 14:48 051 92214 out 2.7 56
145 145TE Tethys 2011-Feb-20 17:12 051 47673 out 6.7 124
146 146TL Telesto 2011-Mar-20 12:14 079 10033 out 4.3 83
147 147AG Aegaeon 2011-Apr-17 09:12 107 118151 in .6 109
147 147HE Helene 2011-Apr-17 13:39 107 69499 out 5.2 81
147* 147TI T75 Titan 2011-Apr-19 05:00 109 10053 out 5.6 101
148* 148TI T76 Titan 2011-May-08 22:53 128 1873 in 5.9 47
149 149HE Helene 2011-Jun-18 19:31 169 6953 in 4.6 102
149 149TL Telesto 2011-Jun-18 23:40 169 61987 in 2.8 108
149* 149TI T77 Titan 2011-Jun-20 18:32 171 1359 out 5.9 73
150 150TI Titan 2011-Jul-09 06:59 190 627640 in 8.8 168
150 150HE Helene 2011-Jul-10 10:46 191 92961 in 5.6 40
150 150JA Janus 2011-Jul-10 15:44 191 92986 in 1.0 141
150 150PN Pan 2011-Jul-10 15:50 191 110204 in 0.1 138
150 150PM Prometheus 2011-Jul-10 17:15 191 113123 out 0.2 108
151 151HE Helene 2011-Aug-01 00:39 213 76521 in 9.6 129
151 151TI Titan 2011-Aug-01 07:08 213 983662 in 11.2 37
151 151TL Telesto 2011-Aug-01 08:10 213 50585 in 5.6 45
151 151ME Methone 2011-Aug-01 08:41 213 97388 out 5.8 81
151 151RH Rhea 2011-Aug-01 21:01 213 5887 out 7.7 131
152 152EP Epimetheus 2011-Aug-23 03:17 235 95754 in 1.1 153
152 152AT Atlas 2011-Aug-23 05:29 235 118657 out 0.1 104
152 152TI Titan 2011-Aug-24 12:10 236 585296 out 8.5 101
152 152HY Hyperion 2011-Aug-25 16:47 237 24639 out 5.1 107
153* 153TI T78 Titan 2011-Sep-12 02:50 255 5821 in 5.8 159
153 153RH Rhea 2011-Sep-13 10:34 256 25421 in 8.7 141
153 153TE Tethys 2011-Sep-13 18:18 256 32809 in 7.3 53
153 153PA Pandora 2011-Sep-13 22:36 256 58092 in 2.7 154
153 153EN Enceladus 2011-Sep-13 22:49 256 42226 in 6.3 51
153 153JA Janus 2011-Sep-13 23:09 256 45589 out 3.5 109
153 153ME Methone 2011-Sep-14 00:48 257 119842 out 14.0 159
153 153PL Pallene 2011-Sep-14 01:21 257 25937 out 8.2 152
153 153TL Telesto 2011-Sep-14 03:52 257 23372 out 7.7 53
153 153HY Hyperion 2011-Sep-16 13:23 259 58120 out 4.8 84
154 154TI Titan 2011-Sep-28 03:22 271 679827 in 3.7 43
154 154TI Titan 2011-Sep-30 17:19 273 835952 in 3.1 12
154* 154EN E14 Enceladus 2011-Oct-01 13:52 274 98 in 7.4 102
154 154EP Epimetheus 2011-Oct-01 17:31 274 67933 out 4.2 81
154 154CP Calypso 2011-Oct-01 21:46 274 124823 out 13.3 136
155 155TL Telesto 2011-Oct-19 07:36 292 25578 in 7.5 53
155* 155EN E15 Enceladus 2011-Oct-19 09:22 292 1230 in 7.5 118
155 155AN Anthe 2011-Oct-19 14:15 292 52149 out 9.1 158
156* 156EN E16 Enceladus 2011-Nov-06 04:58 310 497 in 7.4 73
156 156ME Methone 2011-Nov-06 06:37 310 19410 in 6.3 107
156 156PA Pandora 2011-Nov-06 08:58 310 76337 out 3.2 81
156 156CP Calypso 2011-Nov-06 10:00 310 86243 out 6.9 55
157 157HE Helene 2011-Nov-23 21:05 327 103223 in 11.4 134
157 157EN Enceladus 2011-Nov-24 03:03 328 34542 in 6.2 52
157 157EP Epimetheus 2011-Nov-24 04:44 328 51227 out 3.5 103
157 157TI Titan 2011-Nov-24 15:00 328 863138 out 6.1 97
157 157TI Titan 2011-Nov-27 23:51 331 748405 out 3.8 52
158 158CP Calypso 2011-Dec-12 00:25 346 91799 in 7.1 42
158 158EN Enceladus 2011-Dec-12 04:26 346 19910 out 6.5 41
158 158TE Tethys 2011-Dec-12 07:04 346 60604 out 10.8 139
158* 158DI D3 Dione 2011-Dec-12 09:39 346 101 out 8.7 49
158* 158TI T79 Titan 2011-Dec-13 20:11 347 3583 out 5.8 100
159* 159TI T80 Titan 2012-Jan-02 15:13 002 29514 in 5.5 76
159 159HE Helene 2012-Jan-04 05:37 004 42114 in 8.1 112
159 159MI Mimas 2012-Jan-04 11:16 004 103446 in 2.0 161
159 159JA Janus 2012-Jan-04 12:21 004 117839 in 0.2 135
160* 160TI T81 Titan 2012-Jan-30 13:39 030 31130 out 5.4 96
161* 161TI T82 Titan 2012-Feb-19 08:43 050 3803 in 5.8 143
161 161PO Polydeuces 2012-Feb-20 22:32 051 90779 in 6.3 59
161 161TL Telesto 2012-Feb-21 01:14 052 55046 in 6.6 64
161 161EN Enceladus 2012-Feb-21 02:00 052 46668 in 10.1 100
161 161PL Pallene 2012-Feb-21 02:55 052 69229 in 11.0 92
161 161PA Pandora 2012-Feb-21 05:51 052 60382 out 2.9 87
161 161DI Dione 2012-Feb-21 11:09 052 119727 out 6.0 74
161 161RH Rhea 2012-Feb-21 17:16 052 100497 out 9.9 104
162 162TI Titan 2012-Mar-06 07:50 066 717758 in 3.7 56
162 162HY Hyperion 2012-Mar-08 01:31 068 104077 in 5.5 148
162 162TI Titan 2012-Mar-09 10:13 069 863994 in 4.5 16
162 162HE Helene 2012-Mar-09 18:48 069 109912 in 11.6 121
162 162EN Enceladus 2012-Mar-09 23:22 069 9072 in 7.0 75
162 162PM Prometheus 2012-Mar-10 02:29 070 58060 out 2.5 102
162 162EP Epimetheus 2012-Mar-10 03:29 070 111589 out 7.0 49
162 162CP Calypso 2012-Mar-10 06:35 070 47399 out 6.8 63
162 162RH Rhea 2012-Mar-10 15:02 070 41938 out 7.5 73
163 163PO Polydeuces 2012-Mar-27 15:53 087 118100 in 6.0 53
163* 163EN E17 Enceladus 2012-Mar-27 18:30 087 73 in 7.5 105
163 163PM Prometheus 2012-Mar-27 21:01 087 62911 in 2.5 145
163 163JA Janus 2012-Mar-27 21:33 087 43863 out 3.2 116
163 163DI Dione 2012-Mar-28 05:06 088 43995 out 7.5 64
164 164HE Helene 2012-Apr-14 09:36 105 104851 in 11.5 121
164 164CP Calypso 2012-Apr-14 12:44 105 48758 in 6.7 62
164* 164EN E18 Enceladus 2012-Apr-14 14:01 105 74 in 7.5 104
164 164AN Anthe 2012-Apr-14 15:08 105 76692 in 10.9 88
164 164PM Prometheus 2012-Apr-14 15:15 105 97618 in 2.4 166
164 164PA Pandora 2012-Apr-14 15:43 105 87229 in 3.3 167
164 164TI Titan 2012-Apr-14 18:44 105 995032 out 12.5 78
164 164TE Tethys 2012-Apr-14 22:05 105 9059 out 8.7 126
164 164HY Hyperion 2012-Apr-16 21:30 107 123186 out 5.7 87
165 165PO Polydeuces 2012-May-02 06:55 123 117979 in 6.0 53
165* 165EN E19 Enceladus 2012-May-02 09:31 123 73 in 7.5 100
165 165AT Atlas 2012-May-02 13:53 123 84793 out 2.5 65
165 165AN Anthe 2012-May-02 14:29 123 105864 out 13.0 147
165 165DI Dione 2012-May-02 20:13 123 8090 out 8.5 65
165 165TI Titan 2012-May-03 01:17 124 834460 out 5.2 111
165 165TI Titan 2012-May-06 03:41 127 699995 out 3.7 65
166 166TE Tethys 2012-May-20 02:15 141 53804 in 6.6 62
166 166EN Enceladus 2012-May-20 03:03 141 70351 in 11.4 102
166 166DA Daphnis 2012-May-20 03:59 141 114334 in 1.4 161
166 166PM Prometheus 2012-May-20 04:32 141 100898 in 2.6 164
166 166PN Pan 2012-May-20 06:03 141 63580 in 2.2 137
166 166ME Methone 2012-May-20 06:56 141 1870 out 5.1 127
166 166MI Mimas 2012-May-20 08:04 141 113337 out 13.7 148
166 166PL Pallene 2012-May-20 08:56 141 75160 out 11.3 142
166 166TL Telesto 2012-May-20 11:30 141 11015 out 8.9 128
166* 166TI T83 Titan 2012-May-22 01:10 143 954 out 5.9 71
167 167PL Pallene 2012-Jun-05 02:32 157 74864 in 12.1 93
167 167PM Prometheus 2012-Jun-05 03:01 157 99867 in 5.7 161
167 167PA Pandora 2012-Jun-05 04:22 157 49954 in 5.5 126
167 167MI Mimas 2012-Jun-05 05:07 157 43513 out 7.2 114
167 167DA Daphnis 2012-Jun-05 05:13 157 76823 out 7.1 73
167 167AT Atlas 2012-Jun-05 05:34 157 100597 out 8.7 60
167* 167TI T84 Titan 2012-Jun-07 00:07 159 959 out 5.9 75
168 168TI Titan 2012-Jun-27 06:59 179 458637 in 5.6 97
168 168TE Tethys 2012-Jun-28 21:10 180 67758 in 7.6 80
169 169HE Helene 2012-Jul-22 21:19 204 110799 in 6.0 92
169* 169TI T85 Titan 2012-Jul-24 20:03 206 1012 out 5.9 58
170 170TL Telesto 2012-Aug-12 21:44 225 93738 in 7.9 101
171 171TI Titan 2012-Sep-02 19:41 246 784505 in 7.2 39
172* 172TI T86 Titan 2012-Sep-26 14:35 270 956 out 5.9 47
174* 174TI T87 Titan 2012-Nov-13 10:22 318 974 out 5.9 68
175* 175TI T88 Titan 2012-Nov-29 08:56 334 1015 out 5.9 44
176 176TI Titan 2012-Dec-09 23:15 344 906834 in 8.1 85
176 176TI Titan 2012-Dec-15 13:50 350 899660 out 4.6 103
177 177TI Titan 2012-Dec-22 17:27 357 714550 in 8.1 31
177 177RH Rhea 2012-Dec-22 23:06 357 22888 in 9.1 43
181* 181TI T89 Titan 2013-Feb-17 01:56 048 1978 out 5.8 35
182 182TI Titan 2013-Feb-25 17:26 056 707432 in 8.4 41
183* 183RH R4 Rhea 2013-Mar-09 18:17 068 997 in 9.3 138
185* 185TI T90 Titan 2013-Apr-05 21:43 095 1400 out 5.8 69
186 186TI Titan 2013-Apr-12 03:48 102 939354 in 10.1 50
186 186PO Polydeuces 2013-Apr-12 07:44 102 115649 in 11.5 126
188 188TI Titan 2013-May-01 13:43 121 900117 in 10.7 59
189 189TI Titan 2013-May-07 16:25 127 908118 in 6.3 127
190* 190TI T91 Titan 2013-May-23 17:32 143 970 out 5.9 50
191 191TI Titan 2013-May-31 13:54 151 568244 in 7.6 27
194* 194TI T92 Titan 2013-Jul-10 13:21 191 964 out 5.9 46
195 195TI Titan 2013-Jul-20 02:46 201 889769 in 6.2 111
195* 195TI T93 Titan 2013-Jul-26 11:56 207 1399 out 5.8 58
197 197TI Titan 2013-Sep-04 21:25 247 531191 in 4.7 126
197* 197TI T94 Titan 2013-Sep-12 07:43 255 1397 out 5.8 21
198* 198TI T95 Titan 2013-Oct-14 04:56 287 961 out 5.9 25
199* 199TI T96 Titan 2013-Dec-01 00:41 335 1400 in 5.8 50
200* 200TI T97 Titan 2014-Jan-01 21:59 001 1400 in 5.8 35
200 200TI Titan 2014-Jan-09 10:01 009 810262 out 4.3 169
201* 201TI T98 Titan 2014-Feb-02 19:12 033 1236 in 5.9 44
201 201TI Titan 2014-Feb-10 13:04 041 887458 out 4.1 134
202* 202TI T99 Titan 2014-Mar-06 16:26 065 1500 in 5.8 53
203* 203TI T100 Titan 2014-Apr-07 13:41 097 963 in 5.9 60
204* 204TI T101 Titan 2014-May-17 16:12 137 2992 out 5.7 158
205* 205TI T102 Titan 2014-Jun-18 13:28 169 3659 out 5.6 165
206* 206TI T103 Titan 2014-Jul-20 10:40 201 5103 out 5.6 171
207 207TI Titan 2014-Aug-13 12:08 225 958958 in 4.2 34
207* 207TI T104 Titan 2014-Aug-21 08:09 233 964 out 5.8 12
208* 208TI T105 Titan 2014-Sep-22 05:23 265 1401 out 5.8 21
209* 209TI T106 Titan 2014-Oct-24 02:40 297 1013 out 5.8 31
210* 210TI T107 Titan 2014-Dec-10 22:26 344 980 out 5.8 56
211* 211TI T108 Titan 2015-Jan-11 19:48 011 970 out 5.8 46
212 212RH Rhea 2015-Feb-10 06:45 041 46803 in 5.3 108
212* 212TI T109 Titan 2015-Feb-12 17:08 043 1200 out 5.8 55
213 213HE Helene 2015-Mar-14 11:08 073 58276 in 5.4 80
213 213CP Calypso 2015-Mar-14 15:27 073 101483 in 3.3 84
213* 213TI T110 Titan 2015-Mar-16 14:29 075 2275 out 5.7 70
214 214TI Titan 2015-Apr-11 17:55 101 899005 out 8.8 132
214 214TE Tethys 2015-Apr-11 17:57 101 52822 out 3.5 32
214 214DI Dione 2015-Apr-11 23:21 101 110065 out 8.0 28
215* 215TI T111 Titan 2015-May-07 22:50 127 2722 in 5.7 34
215 215AG Aegaeon 2015-May-09 16:51 129 92544 in 1.6 28
215 215AN Anthe 2015-May-09 17:28 129 107953 in 6.2 25
215 215DA Daphnis 2015-May-09 17:28 129 113302 in 0.1 44
215 215TL Telesto 2015-May-09 17:53 129 46446 in 5.3 126
215 215PO Polydeuces 2015-May-10 01:12 130 33996 out 6.6 130
216 216TI Titan 2015-May-28 10:24 148 942022 in 9.3 147
216 216TL Telesto 2015-May-28 14:09 148 44729 in 5.3 127
216 216HY Hyperion 2015-May-31 13:35 151 34351 out 4.3 70
217 217PO Polydeuces 2015-Jun-16 05:25 167 34811 in 6.6 121
217 217ME Methone 2015-Jun-16 11:39 167 109540 in 5.3 26
217 217PN Pan 2015-Jun-16 11:56 167 118206 in 0.3 41
217 217AT Atlas 2015-Jun-16 12:29 167 111250 in 0.0 49
217 217JA Janus 2015-Jun-16 13:37 167 101445 out 0.8 72
217 217TL Telesto 2015-Jun-16 13:39 167 44153 out 5.3 127
217 217TI Titan 2015-Jun-16 18:23 167 957886 out 8.8 97
217* 217DI D4 Dione 2015-Jun-16 20:11 167 517 out 7.3 58
218 218PN Pan 2015-Jul-05 11:47 186 115938 out 0.3 63
218 218TL Telesto 2015-Jul-05 14:53 186 14145 out 5.8 127
218* 218TI T112 Titan 2015-Jul-07 08:09 188 10953 out 5.6 78
219 219TI Titan 2015-Jul-25 22:36 206 729190 in 9.2 31
219 219DI Dione 2015-Jul-27 00:56 208 60599 in 5.1 120
219 219EN Enceladus 2015-Jul-27 06:18 208 111559 out 6.7 24
220* 220DI D5 Dione 2015-Aug-17 18:33 229 479 in 6.4 67
220 220TE Tethys 2015-Aug-17 21:56 229 41887 in 6.3 82
220 220EN Enceladus 2015-Aug-18 01:17 230 53164 in 3.3 78
220 220ME Methone 2015-Aug-18 01:34 230 89816 out 1.6 61
220 220TI Titan 2015-Aug-18 01:52 230 960420 out 10.1 120
220 220HE Helene 2015-Aug-18 08:33 230 113517 out 9.4 46
221 221DI Dione 2015-Sep-08 14:32 251 41991 in 7.6 67
221 221HE Helene 2015-Sep-09 04:52 252 82944 out 8.6 45
221 221TI Titan 2015-Sep-10 06:21 253 706971 out 9.1 89
222* 222TI T113 Titan 2015-Sep-28 21:37 271 1035 in 5.8 42
222 222DI Dione 2015-Sep-30 08:40 273 40807 in 10.1 63
222 222CP Calypso 2015-Sep-30 11:04 273 43845 in 10.8 72
222 222AN Anthe 2015-Sep-30 13:58 273 95411 in 13.9 89
222 222MI Mimas 2015-Sep-30 14:12 273 64775 in 11.8 93
222 222TE Tethys 2015-Sep-30 16:58 273 117361 out 8.5 106
222 222AG Aegaeon 2015-Sep-30 17:34 273 79798 out 12.1 40
222 222TL Telesto 2015-Sep-30 21:15 273 117978 out 13.7 68
222 222RH Rhea 2015-Oct-01 04:25 274 57868 out 9.3 85
223 223TI Titan 2015-Oct-13 12:42 286 826287 in 10.1 31
223 223PO Polydeuces 2015-Oct-14 06:50 287 115894 in 12.3 61
223* 223EN E20 Enceladus 2015-Oct-14 10:41 287 1844 in 8.5 63
223 223ME Methone 2015-Oct-14 11:53 287 40002 in 9.9 89
223 223PM Prometheus 2015-Oct-14 13:43 287 121322 in 12.7 25
223 223HE Helene 2015-Oct-14 20:59 287 117069 out 6.0 102
224 224PO Polydeuces 2015-Oct-28 04:11 301 84407 in 7.0 116
224 224TL Telesto 2015-Oct-28 07:18 301 59627 in 6.9 113
224 224DA Daphnis 2015-Oct-28 11:26 301 70258 in 6.0 26
224 224PN Pan 2015-Oct-28 12:32 301 64923 out 4.7 116
224* 224EN E21 Enceladus 2015-Oct-28 15:22 301 49 out 8.5 118
224 224HE Helene 2015-Oct-28 19:25 301 78802 out 11.1 77
224 224TI Titan 2015-Oct-29 14:04 302 800211 out 10.0 112
225 225CP Calypso 2015-Nov-11 07:20 315 104426 in 7.5 122
225 225PN Pan 2015-Nov-11 07:22 315 111449 in 3.6 29
225 225PA Pandora 2015-Nov-11 09:30 315 109216 out 12.4 118
225 225AN Anthe 2015-Nov-11 11:47 315 107479 out 14.8 50
225 225TE Tethys 2015-Nov-11 14:42 315 8407 out 8.8 100
225* 225TI T114 Titan 2015-Nov-13 05:46 317 11927 out 5.5 92
226 226TE Tethys 2015-Nov-23 21:57 327 17532 in 9.2 113
226 226AT Atlas 2015-Nov-24 02:33 328 103602 in 16.4 102
226 226DA Daphnis 2015-Nov-24 02:34 328 80737 in 13.5 104
226 226ME Methone 2015-Nov-24 05:45 328 37755 out 11.6 56
226 226TI Titan 2015-Nov-30 05:56 334 753119 out 4.0 113
227 227EP Epimetheus 2015-Dec-06 20:38 340 2641 out 5.5 65
227 227AT Atlas 2015-Dec-06 20:56 340 22064 out 6.0 45
227 227PM Prometheus 2015-Dec-06 21:04 340 23274 out 6.6 44
228 228TI Titan 2015-Dec-17 13:23 351 148599 in 4.7 130
228 228AG Aegaeon 2015-Dec-19 12:59 353 2527 in 6.9 84
228 228AN Anthe 2015-Dec-19 13:16 353 38895 in 7.3 114
228* 228EN E22 Enceladus 2015-Dec-19 17:49 353 4998 out 9.5 114
228 228CP Calypso 2015-Dec-19 19:10 353 91835 out 13.4 69
229 229RH Rhea 2015-Dec-31 22:30 365 24715 in 9.0 42
229 229AG Aegaeon 2016-Jan-01 08:58 001 93761 in 15.7 88
229 229PN Pan 2016-Jan-01 10:13 001 97199 in 14.7 107
229 229PA Pandora 2016-Jan-01 11:27 001 106129 out 16.4 36
229 229ME Methone 2016-Jan-01 12:09 001 27875 out 7.1 120
229 229TE Tethys 2016-Jan-01 15:52 001 38734 out 11.3 68
230 230CP Calypso 2016-Jan-14 02:01 014 116044 in 14.3 61
230 230EN Enceladus 2016-Jan-14 03:18 014 73430 in 13.4 70
230 230MI Mimas 2016-Jan-14 06:01 014 27022 in 7.0 104
230 230AT Atlas 2016-Jan-14 06:18 014 94087 in 14.8 103
230 230DA Daphnis 2016-Jan-14 07:07 014 20418 out 5.0 52
230 230TL Telesto 2016-Jan-14 12:13 014 15177 out 9.2 116
230* 230TI T115 Titan 2016-Jan-16 02:20 016 3548 out 5.7 104
231 231AN Anthe 2016-Jan-30 06:18 030 118713 out 12.2 45
231 231PN Pan 2016-Jan-30 07:22 030 120349 out 0.9 132
231 231PO Polydeuces 2016-Jan-30 11:01 030 107607 out 5.9 106
231* 231TI T116 Titan 2016-Feb-01 01:00 032 1398 out 5.8 121
232 232PO Polydeuces 2016-Feb-14 20:02 045 78922 in 8.2 94
232 232TL Telesto 2016-Feb-14 23:33 045 37059 in 6.9 102
232 232EP Epimetheus 2016-Feb-15 00:30 046 108706 in 4.8 34
232 232EN Enceladus 2016-Feb-15 04:10 046 82704 out 7.3 73
232* 232TI T117 Titan 2016-Feb-16 23:49 047 1018 out 5.9 122
233 233TI Titan 2016-Mar-08 08:20 068 457540 in 6.3 77
234* 234TI T118 Titan 2016-Apr-04 19:42 095 990 out 5.9 139
235* 235TI T119 Titan 2016-May-06 16:54 127 969 out 5.9 139
236* 236TI T120 Titan 2016-Jun-07 14:06 159 974 out 5.8 125
238* 238TI T121 Titan 2016-Jul-25 09:58 207 975 out 5.8 101
239* 239TI T122 Titan 2016-Aug-10 08:30 223 1698 out 5.8 88
240 240TI Titan 2016-Aug-19 05:43 232 816419 in 8.4 111
241 241TI Titan 2016-Aug-30 13:26 243 996792 in 8.1 90
243 243PO Polydeuces 2016-Sep-24 03:35 268 113267 in 9.5 53
243* 243TI T123 Titan 2016-Sep-27 04:16 271 1775 out 5.8 86
244 244TI Titan 2016-Oct-03 17:06 277 875366 in 10.4 144
244 244HE Helene 2016-Oct-03 21:39 277 117723 in 12.6 125
246 246TL Telesto 2016-Oct-23 01:20 297 67605 in 12.2 80
247 247TI Titan 2016-Oct-29 08:33 303 863484 in 5.7 40
247 247PO Polydeuces 2016-Nov-01 13:18 306 95402 in 11.3 73
247 247TL Telesto 2016-Nov-01 13:22 306 93856 in 11.7 20
248 248TE Tethys 2016-Nov-11 05:06 316 114891 in 12.9 103
248* 248TI T124 Titan 2016-Nov-13 23:55 318 1585 out 5.8 78
249 249MI Mimas 2016-Nov-19 07:33 324 44622 in 15.7 17
249 249AN Anthe 2016-Nov-19 08:01 324 41538 in 16.5 91
249 249DA Daphnis 2016-Nov-19 08:17 324 87659 in 17.6 61
249 249ME Methone 2016-Nov-19 08:21 324 75663 in 17.2 104
249 249PA Pandora 2016-Nov-19 08:44 324 98233 out 18.0 82
250 250EP Epimetheus 2016-Nov-27 06:30 332 84082 in 16.7 11
250 250EN Enceladus 2016-Nov-27 06:51 332 20284 in 15.6 109
250* 250TI T125 Titan 2016-Nov-29 22:14 334 3159 out 5.7 81
251 251PA Pandora 2016-Dec-04 12:27 339 121003 in 22.3 43
251 251ME Methone 2016-Dec-04 13:04 339 49459 in 19.5 116
251 251PN Pan 2016-Dec-04 13:34 339 61407 out 21.9 105
252 252PM Prometheus 2016-Dec-11 16:50 346 100678 in 21.6 44
252 252PL Pallene 2016-Dec-11 17:24 346 98156 in 20.4 131
253 253TI Titan 2016-Dec-15 21:52 350 342353 in 5.3 58
253 253EP Epimetheus 2016-Dec-18 20:54 353 123981 in 22.2 48
253 253AG Aegaeon 2016-Dec-18 21:11 353 94174 in 20.7 61
253 253PA Pandora 2016-Dec-18 21:36 353 22117 in 20.6 100
253 253JA Janus 2016-Dec-18 22:03 353 114420 out 23.8 109
253 253PN Pan 2016-Dec-18 22:08 353 97727 out 23.6 107
254 254EN Enceladus 2016-Dec-26 01:26 361 89346 in 19.3 136
254 254MI Mimas 2016-Dec-26 01:30 361 40215 in 19.5 120
254 254AG Aegaeon 2016-Dec-26 01:36 361 36630 in 20.4 136
255 255TI Titan 2016-Dec-31 12:19 366 679042 in 7.2 29
255 255DA Daphnis 2017-Jan-02 06:07 002 106433 out 23.9 107
256 256AT Atlas 2017-Jan-09 08:44 009 101667 in 21.8 45
256 256EP Epimetheus 2017-Jan-09 09:03 009 66777 in 20.5 56
256 256DA Daphnis 2017-Jan-09 09:44 009 63442 out 22.0 106
256 256PM Prometheus 2017-Jan-09 09:54 009 95070 out 23.3 107
257 257JA Janus 2017-Jan-16 12:40 016 113320 in 21.8 51
257 257AT Atlas 2017-Jan-16 13:05 016 24827 in 20.4 32
257 257PL Pallene 2017-Jan-16 13:08 016 65052 in 19.7 149
257 257DA Daphnis 2017-Jan-16 13:20 016 22509 in 20.7 86
257 257TI Titan 2017-Jan-17 18:19 017 722698 out 9.3 96
258 258DA Daphnis 2017-Jan-23 16:56 023 30566 in 20.4 35
258 258AN Anthe 2017-Jan-23 16:58 023 96480 in 20.0 84
258 258PA Pandora 2017-Jan-23 17:14 023 28103 in 20.8 102
258 258AT Atlas 2017-Jan-23 17:27 023 58435 out 21.8 105
259 259DA Daphnis 2017-Jan-30 20:34 030 77639 in 21.1 45
259 259AN Anthe 2017-Jan-30 20:59 030 48003 in 19.7 148
259 259MI Mimas 2017-Jan-30 21:01 030 39817 in 19.7 117
259 259EP Epimetheus 2017-Jan-30 21:02 030 3566 in 20.2 116
259 259PM Prometheus 2017-Jan-30 21:21 030 51638 in 21.5 105
259 259TI Titan 2017-Feb-01 19:52 032 219437 out 6.3 90
260 260PN Pan 2017-Feb-07 00:49 038 91584 in 21.4 44
260 260JA Janus 2017-Feb-07 00:59 038 87316 in 20.9 54
260 260AN Anthe 2017-Feb-07 01:27 038 93367 in 20.8 123
260 260ME Methone 2017-Feb-07 01:28 038 87360 in 20.8 124
261 261AG Aegaeon 2017-Feb-14 05:42 045 72080 in 20.1 70
261 261ME Methone 2017-Feb-14 05:50 045 67905 in 19.6 98
261 261TI Titan 2017-Feb-17 13:10 048 186791 out 5.1 78
262 262PN Pan 2017-Feb-21 09:37 052 69885 in 21.0 44
262 262PM Prometheus 2017-Feb-21 09:39 052 69044 in 20.8 49
262 262EP Epimetheus 2017-Feb-21 10:00 052 8025 in 20.2 90
262 262PL Pallene 2017-Feb-21 10:00 052 104861 in 19.8 93
262 262AG Aegaeon 2017-Feb-21 10:10 052 54429 in 20.8 123
263 263JA Janus 2017-Feb-28 13:45 059 89882 in 21.1 57
263 263PA Pandora 2017-Feb-28 13:55 059 48380 in 20.4 50
264 264TI Titan 2017-Mar-05 11:53 064 489882 in 5.9 42
264 264MI Mimas 2017-Mar-07 18:00 066 100555 in 20.8 75
264 264PN Pan 2017-Mar-07 18:04 066 22226 in 20.5 26
265 265EP Epimetheus 2017-Mar-14 22:15 073 39728 in 21.1 114
265 265PA Pandora 2017-Mar-14 22:44 073 117362 out 24.4 103
266 266TI Titan 2017-Mar-20 17:42 079 870697 in 8.6 32
266 266JA Janus 2017-Mar-22 01:45 081 42964 in 20.2 67
266 266PL Pallene 2017-Mar-22 01:54 081 107734 in 20.8 122
266 266PN Pan 2017-Mar-22 02:18 081 55726 out 21.9 100
266 266TI Titan 2017-Mar-23 00:14 082 954530 out 11.3 96
267 267EN Enceladus 2017-Mar-29 05:45 088 94519 in 19.4 134
267 267MI Mimas 2017-Mar-29 06:05 088 121564 in 22.9 107
268 268AT Atlas 2017-Apr-05 09:16 095 71812 in 21.0 51
268 268PA Pandora 2017-Apr-05 09:30 095 33347 in 20.4 52
268 268EP Epimetheus 2017-Apr-05 10:10 095 110704 out 23.8 103
268 268TI Titan 2017-Apr-06 22:08 096 477504 out 7.7 89
269 269MI Mimas 2017-Apr-12 13:27 102 98559 in 20.8 77
269 269AG Aegaeon 2017-Apr-12 13:36 102 22250 in 19.9 121
269 269AT Atlas 2017-Apr-12 13:41 102 10825 in 20.5 43
269 269JA Janus 2017-Apr-12 13:41 102 8995 in 20.3 134
269 269PM Prometheus 2017-Apr-12 14:08 102 82692 out 22.8 103
270 270AN Anthe 2017-Apr-19 17:38 109 119533 in 20.4 80
270 270ME Methone 2017-Apr-19 17:46 109 89125 in 20.9 120
270 270AG Aegaeon 2017-Apr-19 18:03 109 110493 in 22.9 104
270 270AT Atlas 2017-Apr-19 18:09 109 70389 out 22.3 102
270 270PA Pandora 2017-Apr-19 18:24 109 122101 out 24.6 101
270 270DA Daphnis 2017-Apr-19 18:28 109 120493 out 24.8 101
270* 270TI T126 Titan 2017-Apr-22 06:08 112 980 out 5.8 64
271 271JA Janus 2017-Apr-26 08:45 116 112104 in 29.5 111
271 271AT Atlas 2017-Apr-26 08:54 116 79768 in 30.1 140
271 271DA Daphnis 2017-Apr-26 09:00 116 74033 in 30.1 143
271 271EP Epimetheus 2017-Apr-26 09:03 116 93633 out 30.0 128
271 271AG Aegaeon 2017-Apr-26 09:09 116 119855 out 29.6 113
272 272DA Daphnis 2017-May-02 19:26 122 101582 in 30.3 106
272 272PM Prometheus 2017-May-02 19:32 122 82958 in 30.1 137
272 272AG Aegeon 2017-May-02 19:45 122 113946 out 29.8 124
272 272JA Janus 2017-May-02 19:56 122 122425 out 28.5 92
273 273TI Titan 2017-May-07 20:32 127 496014 in 7.2 31
273 273PA Pandora 2017-May-09 06:04 129 91033 in 30.2 127
273 273AG Aegeon 2017-May-09 06:16 129 108715 in 30.1 136
273 273TI Titan 2017-May-09 21:09 129 966220 out 12.5 89
274 274EP Epimetheus 2017-May-15 16:26 135 114131 in 29.5 106
274 274PN Pan 2017-May-15 16:34 135 83213 in 30.4 125
274 274PM Prometheus 2017-May-15 16:36 135 80456 in 30.2 141
274 274AG Aegaeon 2017-May-15 16:41 135 105008 in 30.1 147
274 274AT Atlas 2017-May-15 16:45 135 82817 out 30.2 126
274 274PA Pandora 2017-May-15 16:59 135 116363 out 28.9 90
275 275JA Janus 2017-May-22 03:06 142 88945 in 30.0 147
275 275AG Aegaeon 2017-May-22 03:07 142 104520 in 30.1 150
275 275PN Pan 2017-May-22 03:19 142 93691 out 30.1 105
275 275EP Epimetheus 2017-May-22 03:25 142 115563 out 29.1 100
275 275TI Titan 2017-May-24 00:18 144 117956 out 5.9 69
276 276AG Aegaeon 2017-May 28 14:20 148 103137 in 29.7 150
276 276PM Prometheus 2017-May-28 14:21 148 75048 in 29.7 149
277 277AG Aegaeon 2017-Jun-04 01:36 155 103058 in 29.7 151
277 277PA Pandora 2017-Jun-04 01:36 155 77610 in 29.7 150
277 277DA Daphnis 2017-Jun-04 01:57 155 114630 out 28.6 89
278 278TI Titan 2017-Jun-08 18:44 159 367299 in 6.2 38
278 278PN Pan 2017-Jun-10 12:36 161 101549 in 30.4 96
278 278JA Janus 2017-Jun-10 12:39 161 98816 in 29.7 122
278 278AG Aegaeon 2017-Jun-10 12:48 161 103577 in 29.8 151
278 278AT Atlas 2017-Jun-10 12:49 161 74708 in 29.9 148
278 278DA Daphnis 2017-Jun-10 12:52 161 79063 in 29.9 135
278 278EP Epimetheus 2017-Jun-10 12:54 161 94629 out 29.7 133
278 278PM Prometheus 2017-Jun-10 12:59 161 98712 out 29.6 109
279 279DA Daphnis 2017-Jun-16 23:45 167 81556 in 30.0 127
279 279AG Aegaeon 2017-Jun-16 23:50 167 103573 in 29.9 151
279 279PN Pan 2017-Jun-16 23:59 167 88270 out 29.9 116
280 280DA Daphnis 2017-Jun-23 10:32 174 124034 in 30.1 72
280 280PA Pandora 2017-Jun-23 10:37 174 113224 in 29.9 88
280 280AG Aegaeon 2017-Jun-23 10:51 174 103502 in 29.8 151
280 280TI Titan 2017-Jun-24 22:28 175 297957 out 6.9 67
281 281JA Janus 2017-Jun-29 21:50 180 124151 in 28.9 86
281 281EP Epimetheus 2017-Jun-29 22:06 180 88937 in 29.6 147
281 281AG Aegaeon 2017-Jun-29 22:09 180 103293 in 29.7 151
281 281PA Pandora 2017-Jun-29 22:24 180 110497 out 29.0 102
282 282PN Pan 2017-Jul-06 09:16 187 106924 in 30.4 85
282 282AT Atlas 2017-Jul-06 09:30 187 74089 in 29.7 151
282 282AG Aegaeon 2017-Jul-06 09:31 187 103978 in 29.7 151
282 282JA Janus 2017-Jul-06 09:52 187 124681 out 27.8 99
283 283TI Titan 2017-Jul-10 13:50 191 264317 in 5.4 56
283 283PM Prometheus 2017-Jul-12 20:30 193 103774 in 30.0 94
283 283MI Mimas 2017-Jul-12 20:40 193 123553 in 30.1 152
283 283AG Aegaeon 2017-Jul-12 20:44 193 105326 in 29.9 151
283 283PN Pan 2017-Jul-12 20:50 193 87816 out 29.9 121
284 284EP Epimetheus 2017-Jul-19 07:40 200 101711 in 29.7 116
284 284PA Pandora 2017-Jul-19 07:50 200 79011 in 29.9 151
284 284AG Aegaeon 2017-Jul-19 07:51 200 105445 in 30.0 151
285 285TI Titan 2017-Jul-25 00:02 206 949180 in 10.8 58
285 285PM Prometheus 2017-Jul-25 18:50 206 79134 in 30.0 135
285 285AG Aegean 2017-Jul-25 18:55 206 105317 in 29.9 152
285 285JA Janus 2017-Jul-25 19:02 206 101978 out 29.7 129
285 285TI Titan 2017-Jul-26 23:20 207 494284 out 8.2 66
286 286PN Pan 2017-Aug-01 05:47 213 115992 in 30.5 71
286 286AT Atlas 2017-Aug-01 06:03 213 74145 in 29.9 150
286 286AG Aegaeon 2017-Aug-01 06:05 213 105539 in 29.9 152
286 286DA Daphnis 2017-Aug-01 06:17 213 103093 out 29.5 110
287 287PA Pandora 2017-Aug-07 17:07 219 98900 in 29.9 100
287 287DA Daphnis 2017-Aug-07 17:19 219 74556 in 29.9 152
287 287AG Aegaeon 2017-Aug-07 17:20 219 106327 in 29.9 151
287 287PM Prometheus 2017-Aug-07 17:22 219 84047 in 29.9 141
287 287PN Pan 2017-Aug-07 17:23 219 81204 out 29.9 135
288 288TI Titan 2017-Aug-11 05:04 223 194991 in 5.1 77
288 288DA Daphnis 2017-Aug-14 04:08 226 91318 in 30.3 103
288 288AG Aegaeon 2017-Aug-14 04:19 226 106925 in 30.2 153
288 288JA Janus 2017-Aug-14 04:19 226 90303 in 30.2 153
288 288EP Epimetheus 2017-Aug-14 04:32 226 115875 out 29.3 119
288 288PA Pandora 2017-Aug-14 04:39 226 117866 out 28.2 103
289 289AG Aegaeon 2017-Aug-20 15:19 232 106482 in 30.2 153
289 289PM Prometheus 2017-Aug-20 15:32 232 107581 out 29.3 113
290 290TI Titan 2017-Aug-26 02:25 238 791237 in 9.3 57
290 290AT Atlas 2017-Aug-27 02:08 239 78591 in 30.2 130
290 290AG Aegaeon 2017-Aug-27 02:13 239 105798 in 30.2 153
290 290TI Titan 2017-Aug-28 01:05 240 680519 out 9.6 65
291 291JA Janus 2017-Sep-02 12:58 245 100273 in 29.9 112
291 291PA Pandora 2017-Sep-02 13:06 245 79822 in 30.2 146
291 291PN Pan 2017-Sep-02 13:06 245 71308 in 30.2 148
291 291AG Aegaeon 2017-Sep-02 13:07 245 105326 in 30.2 151
291 291EP Epimetheus 2017-Sep-02 13:08 245 90026 in 30.3 152
292 292AG Aegaeon 2017-Sep-09 00:03 252 105124 in 30.1 148
292 292TI Titan 2017-Sep-11 19:04 254 119733 out 5.1 86
293 293AG Aegaeon 2017-Sep-15 10:32 258 108085 in 30.5 137
293 End of Mission 2017-Sep-15 10:32 258 Loss of S-band carrier
293 293SA Saturn 2017-Sep-15 10:33 258 -60268 in 34.0 35
----------------------------------------------------------------------
The Cassini navigation team has discovered that it is possible to move
the spacecraft orbit's inner ring-plane crossing all the way over
Saturn's entire main ring system, from just beyond the F ring, to the
cleared gap between Saturn's upper atmosphere and inner portion of the
main rings, using one single Titan flyby. So far, it has been
impossible to get very close to Saturn itself due to the presence of
the main rings out to over 140,000 km from the center of Saturn. During
SOI the spacecraft passed 18,000 km from the cloud tops, and that is
the closest the project ever expected to get to the planet and rings,
enabled by the hyperbolic approach trajectory. It was thought that
there was no feasible way to construct an orbit with reasonable period
that gets any closer to Saturn and yet does not pass through the main
rings - the implementation of which would undoubtedly destroy the
spacecraft. No safe gaps in the main ring system exist that could be
employed as intermediate steps.
This proximal orbit geometry is implemented by raising the orbit
inclination to a moderately high level (~63 degrees) and placing the
inner ring-plane crossing barely but safely outside the main rings. The
other ring-plane crossing is located at Titan, as usual, since Cassini
must continually encounter Titan to employ its significant gravity
assist resources. Then, with one flyby, the orbit is altered to move
the ring-plane crossing to between 2,000 to 5,000 above the 'cloud
tops' of Saturn (1 bar level). The environment is known well enough for
the project to conclude with sufficient confidence that the risk of
debris impact or atmospheric tumbling is acceptably small. Furthermore,
the radiation environment is not significantly different from that
experienced during SOI.
The proposed end phase includes 22 orbits in this region, called
proximal orbits. This Juno-like mission phase offers significant
unique science opportunities for Cassini, including gravity mapping
measurements, high resolution ring observations, and in-situ
measurements of Saturn's atmosphere.
Final disposal of the spacecraft will take place within Saturn's
atmosphere on 15 September 2017. This entire trajectory, starting after
the last targeted proximal-injecting Titan flyby, is entirely
ballistic, requiring no further maneuvers. In other words, the end of
mission is assured regardless of the spacecraft condition. It is
anticipated that this disposal strategy will be acceptable for
Planetary Protection.
END OF MISSION
--------------"
MISSION_OBJECTIVES_SUMMARY = "
CASSINI-HUYGENS MISSION OBJECTIVES
==================================
The Cassini-Huygens mission will accomplish a variety of scientific
objectives en route to and at Saturn [JPL D-5564].
While en route to Saturn, Cassini performed three sets of Gravitational
Wave Experiments (GWEs), each scheduled near opposition and each lasting
approximately 40 days. During these observations, Cassini acted as a point
mass which would be perturbed by propagating gravitational waves resulting
from sudden destruction (or creation) of large masses in the general
direction of the spacecraft-to-Earth line.
While en route to Saturn, Cassini was also used in two Solar Conjunction
Experiments (SCEs), each lasting approximately 30 days. The objectives of
these observations was to test general relativity and to improve our
understanding of the solar corona.
The general scientific objectives of the Cassini mission at Saturn were to
investigate the physical, chemical, and temporal characteristics of Titan
and of Saturn, its atmosphere, rings, icy satellites, and magnetosphere.
These are listed more specifically below:
Saturn (Planet) Objectives.
--------------------------
a) Determine temperature field, cloud properties, and composition of the
atmosphere of Saturn.
b) Measure the global wind field, including wave and eddy components;
observe synoptic cloud features and processes.
c) Infer the internal structure and rotation of the deep atmosphere.
d) Study the diurnal variations and magnetic control of the ionosphere of
Saturn.
e) Provide observational constraints (gas composition, isotope ratios, and
heat flux, etc.) on scenarios for the formation and the evolution of Saturn.
f) Investigate the sources and the morphology of Saturn lightning, Saturn
Electrostatic Discharges (SED), and whistlers.
Titan Objectives.
----------------
a) Determine abundance of atmospheric constituents (including any noble
gases), establish isotope ratios for abundant elements, constrain scenarios
of formation and evolution of Titan and its atmosphere.
b) Observe vertical and horizontal distributions of trace gases, search for
more complex organic molecules, investigate energy sources for atmospheric
chemistry, and model the photochemistry of the stratosphere, study
formation and composition of aerosols.
c) Measure winds and global temperatures; investigate cloud physics,
general circulation, and seasonal effects in Titan's atmosphere; search for
lightning discharges.
d) Determine the physical state, topography, and composition of the
surface; infer the internal structure of the satellite.
e) Investigate the upper atmosphere, its ionization, and its role as a
source of neutral and ionized material for magnetosphere of Saturn.
Ring Objectives.
---------------
a) Study configuration of the rings and dynamical processes (gravitational,
viscous, erosional, and electromagnetic) responsible for ring structure.
b) Map composition and size distribution of ring material.
c) Investigate interrelation of rings and satellites, including embedded
satellites.
d) Determine dust and meteoroid distribution in the vicinity of the rings.
e) Study interactions between the rings and Saturn's magnetosphere,
ionosphere, and atmosphere.
Icy Satellite Objectives.
------------------------
a) Determine the general characteristics and geological histories of the
satellites.
b) Define the mechanisms of crustal and surface modifications, both
external and internal.
c) Investigate the compositions and distributions of surface materials,
particularly dark, organic rich materials and low melting point condensed
volatiles.
d) Constrain models of the satellites' bulk compositions and internal
structures.
e) Investigate interactions with the magnetosphere and ring systems and
possible gas injections into the magnetosphere.
Magnetosphere Objectives
------------------------
a) Determine the configuration of the nearly axially symmetric magnetic
field and its relation to the modulation of Saturn Kilometric Radiation
(SKR).
b) Determine current systems, composition, sources, and sinks of
magnetosphere charged particles.
c) Investigate wave-particle interactions and dynamics of the dayside
magnetosphere and the magnetotail of Saturn and their interactions with the
solar wind, the satellites, and the rings.
d) Study the effect of Titan's interaction with the solar wind and
magnetospheric plasma.
e) Investigate interactions of Titan's atmosphere and exosphere with the
surrounding plasma."
END_OBJECT = MISSION_INFORMATION
OBJECT = MISSION_HOST
INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = "CO"
OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET
TARGET_NAME = "AEGAEON"
END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET
OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET
TARGET_NAME = "ALBIORIX"
END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET
OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET
TARGET_NAME = "ANTHE"
END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET
OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET
TARGET_NAME = "ATLAS"
END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET
OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET
TARGET_NAME = "BEBHIONN"
END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET
OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET
TARGET_NAME = "BERGELMIR"
END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET
OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET
TARGET_NAME = "BESTLA"
END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET
OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET
TARGET_NAME = "CALLISTO"
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OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET
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OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET
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TARGET_NAME = "SPICA"
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TARGET_NAME = "TARVOS"
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END_OBJECT = MISSION
END
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